Table 3.
Imaging Characteristics
| Overall (N = 510) | RV Dysfunction + (n = 41) | RV Dysfunction − (n = 227) | p Value | RV Dilation + (n = 172) | RV Dilation − (n = 314) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV function/morphology∗ | |||||||
| LVEF, % | 54.1 ± 14.4 | 45.2 ± 17.1 | 55.9 ± 13.5 | <0.001 | 52.5 ± 15.3 | 54.9 ± 13.7 | 0.08 |
| LVEF <55% | 41 (206) | 68 (27) | 35 (80) | <0.001 | 44 (76) | 40 (124) | 0.30 |
| LV stroke volume, ml | 62.1 ± 24.0 | 51.1 ± 26.3 | 65.5 ± 21.9 | 0.001 | 63.0 ± 24.8 | 61.5 ± 23.4 | 0.58 |
| LV cardiac output, l/min | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 4.7 ± 2.4 | 5.8 ± 2.2 | 0.005 | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 0.91 |
| LV wall motion scores | 23 ± 10 | 27 ± 12 | 22 ± 9 | 0.006 | 24 ± 11 | 22 ± 9 | 0.14 |
| LV wall motion score index | 1.41 ± 0.62 | 1.69 ± 0.73 | 1.35 ± 0.57 | 0.006 | 1.48 ± 0.67 | 1.39 ± 0.58 | 0.14 |
| Regional wall motion abnormality | 13 (63) | 23 (9) | 12 (26) | 0.06 | 13 (21) | 13 (40) | 0.81 |
| LV end-diastolic volume, ml/m2 | 67.6 ± 23.5 | 74.9 ± 36.2 | 66.6 ± 21.9 | 0.19 | 70.7 ± 28.2 | 66.4 ± 20.2 | 0.12 |
| LV end-diastolic dilation∗ | 14 (54) | 22 (8) | 14 (25) | 0.21 | 13 (18) | 14 (34) | 0.79 |
| LV end-systolic volume, ml/m2 | 34.6 ± 22.6 | 47.7 ± 36.3 | 31.9 ± 19.0 | 0.02 | 37.9 ± 27.9 | 33.1 ± 19.2 | 0.08 |
| LV end-systolic dilation† | 29 (111) | 36 (13) | 26 (47) | 0.22 | 30 (41) | 29 (69) | 0.79 |
| LV myocardial mass, g/m2 | 84.9 ± 28.8 | 96.8 ± 43.8 | 83.4 ± 25.5 | 0.08 | 87.6 ± 30.1 | 83.4 ± 26.5 | 0.16 |
| LV hypertrophy‡ | 17 (67) | 22 (8) | 18 (33) | 0.59 | 18 (25) | 17 (40) | 0.70 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.77 |
| LA morphology | |||||||
| LA volume, ml/m2 | 32.0 ± 16.0 | 38.0 ± 15.9 | 31.5 ± 15.6 | 0.08 | 38.5 ± 18.2 | 29.2 ± 14.1 | <0.001 |
| LA diameter, cm | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 0.09 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 0.09 |
| RV function/morphology | |||||||
| RV diameter, cm | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 0.02 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| cm/m2 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 0.043 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Tricuspid annular plane excursion, cm | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 0.36 |
| RV Sʹ, cm/s | 13.4 ± 4.5 | 8.4 ± 1.3 | 14.6 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | 12.3 ± 4.6 | 13.9 ± 4.0 | 0.01 |
| Hemodynamic and valvular indices | |||||||
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mm Hg | 42.5 ± 12.0 | 44.8 ± 12.2 | 42.3 ± 12.4 | 0.31 | 46.7 ± 12.9 | 39.6 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation (≥2+) | 8 (33) | 20 (8) | 4 (9) | 0.002 | 10 (16) | 6 (15) | 0.08 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation (≥2+) | 13 (57) | 17 (7) | 14 (29) | 0.55 | 23 (36) | 8 (21) | <0.001 |
| Central venous pressure, mm Hg | 8.2 ± 3.7 | 9.6 ± 4.1 | 7.7 ± 3.8 | 0.005 | 9.5 ± 3.7 | 7.5 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD or % (count). Cardiac remodeling indices acquirable as follows (data reported as % [count]): left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): 99% (n = 506), left ventricular (LV) wall motion score: 95% (n = 486), LV internal diameter end-diastole: 79% (n = 404), left atrial (LA) diameter: 77% (n = 392), LA volume: 45% (n = 230), pulmonary artery systolic pressure: 55% (n = 283). Upper-limit normative cutoffs for LV quantitative indices defined in accordance with established literature. Bold p values are statistically significant.
∗
LV end-diastolic dilation: women >81.4 ml/m2, men >88.5 ml/m2;
†
LV end-systolic dilation: women >34.9 ml/m2, men >40.3 ml/m2;
‡
LV myocardial mass: women >95 g/m2, men >115 g/m2.