Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients according to disease severity.
| Characteristics | Severe group (n = 13) | Nonsevere group (n = 27) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 69.0 (62.0–72.0) | 54.0 (41.5–62.5) | 0.012 | |
| Male, sex | 7 (53.8) | 13 (48.1) | > 0.999 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.8 (21.3–25.4) | 23.1 (21.3–24.9) | 0.840 | |
| Underlying disease | ||||
| Hypertension | 8 (61.5) | 7 (25.9) | 0.041 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (30.8) | 3 (11.1) | 0.187 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 | |
| Heart failure | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 | |
| COPD/asthma | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.7) | > 0.999 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.7) | > 0.999 | |
| Current medication | ||||
| RAS blockers | 6 (46.2) | 5 (18.5) | 0.146 | |
| Beta-blockers | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.100 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 3 (23.1) | 3 (11.1) | 0.370 | |
| Diuretics | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.7) | > 0.999 | |
| Statins | 1 (7.7) | 2 (7.4) | > 0.999 | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 2 (15.4) | 3 (11.1) | > 0.999 | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| No symptoms | 0 (0.0) | 7 (25.9) | 0.077 | |
| Cough | 3 (23.1) | 11 (40.7) | 0.316 | |
| Sputum | 2 (15.4) | 4 (14.8) | > 0.999 | |
| Dyspnea | 8 (61.5) | 3 (11.1) | 0.002 | |
| Sore throat | 2 (15.4) | 4 (14.8) | > 0.999 | |
| Myalgia | 2 (15.4) | 5 (18.5) | > 0.999 | |
| Febrile sensation | 12 (92.3) | 5 (18.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Rhinorrhea | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.7) | > 0.999 | |
| Anosmia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 | |
| Ageusia | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.325 | |
| Chest pain | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.7) | > 0.999 | |
| Nausea/vomiting | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.100 | |
| Diarrhea | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.325 | |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 130.0 (112.0–142.0) | 127.0 (122.5–134.0) | 0.750 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.0 (69.0–89.0) | 79.0 (73.0–84.0) | 1.000 | |
| Heart rate, bpm | 79.0 (71.0–86.0) | 79.0 (68.5–85.5) | 0.644 | |
| Respiratory rate, cycles per min | 22.0 (20.0–28.0) | 18.0 (18.0–19.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Body temperature, °C | 37.8 (36.9–38.0) | 37.2 (36.5–37.8) | 0.686 | |
| Therapeutic management | ||||
| Inotropics | 6 (46.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.001 | |
| Mechanical ventilator | 8 (61.5) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 | |
| VV-ECMO | 4 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.013 | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.705 | |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RAS = renin-angiotensin system, VV-ECMO = veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.