Table 2.

Various stages of workforce activities, application of protective measures, and their effectiveness before, during and after outbreak.

Strategy	Specific measure	Activity
			During Outbreak
		Before outbreak	Pre-entry	Travel to work	At water utility	At wastewater facility	Common spaces	Post-infection	After Outbreak
Avoid	Work from home	✓						✓
	Online-monitoring capability with automation and data control optimization capacities	✓			✓	✓		✓	✓
Educate	Communication	✓			✓	✓		✓	✓
Engineering Controls	Test and isolate	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓
	Upgrade equipment	✓			✓	✓
	Clean and disinfect	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓
	Separate in space and time		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓
	Temperature measurements		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓
Administrative Controls	Drive safe behavior norms			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Increase awareness	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓
	Insure and respond	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓
	Update facilities	✓			✓	✓			✓
Protect Personnel	Use protective equipment	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Frequent handwashing	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓
Preparedness and Response	Cyber security plan	✓			✓	✓			✓
	Contingency plan	✓			✓	✓			✓
	Resiliency plan	✓			✓	✓			✓
	Risk plan for uncertainty	✓			✓	✓	✓		✓