Table 5.

Statistical results for the efficacy of the exercise plus placebo intervention.

	t-stat	df	p value	d	Bf
Physical fitness
Power*	3.22	73	0.001	0.37	28.1
Strength and endurance*	12.3	65	10−16	1.52	1016
Mobility and stability*	5.53	74	10−7	0.64	106
Blood pressure	− 0.87	76	0.19	0.10	0.29
Heart rate*	− 2.16	75	0.018	0.25	2.2
Lean muscle mass*	3.42	76	0.001	0.39	48.9
Cognition
Short term memory	− 2.4	72	0.99	0.29	0.04
Episodic memory*	2.4	55	0.01	0.32	3.65
Fluid intelligence acc*	5.5	73	10−7	0.64	105
Fluid intelligence RT	0.55	72	0.71	0.06	0.09
Working memory	− 1.64	73	0.95	0.19	0.05
Executive function acc	− 1.14	73	0.87	0.13	0.06
Executive function RT*	− 3.2	73	0.0011	0.37	23.2
Processing efficiency*	2.6	73	0.005	0.23	6.4
Biomarkers
Cortisol (µg/dL)*	− 1.60	77	0.056	0.18	0.80
Ferritin (ng/mL)*	− 6.58	76	10−9	0.75	106
Folate (ng/mL)*	− 1.65	76	0.051	0.19	0.87
High density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	0.77	77	0.22	0.09	0.26
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)*	− 2.33	77	0.01	0.26	3.14
Lutein density in fovea	− 0.13	30	0.55	0.02	0.17
Lutein density in parafovea	− 0.43	30	0.66	0.08	0.14
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	− 0.19	76	0.58	0.02	0.11
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)*	− 3.36	76	0.001	0.38	40.6
Saturated fatty acids (mol%)	0.30	77	0.38	0.04	0.16
Monounsaturated fatty acids (mol%)	1.25	77	0.11	0.14	0.47
Omega-3 PUFAs (mol%)	− 0.43	77	0.67	0.05	0.18
Omega-6 PUFAs (mol%)	− 0.51	77	0.69	0.06	0.09
Trans fatty acids (mol%)	− 1.53	77	0.06	0.17	0.71

t-stat is the value of the 1-sided t-statistic (where negative values represent decreases from pre- to post-intervention); df is the degrees of freedom of the t-test; p value is the frequentist p value of the t-test; d is Cohen’s d; and Bf is the Bayes factor for the t-test. An * in the row header indicates the exercise plus placebo intervention modified that indicator. PUFA stands for polyunsaturated fatty acid.