Table 7.

Statistical results comparing the efficacy of the unimodal exercise plus placebo intervention to the multimodal exercise plus supplement intervention.

	F-stat	df	p value	d	Bf
Physical fitness
Power	1.46	(2,135)	0.23	0.20	0.35
Strength and endurance	1.80	(2,114)	0.18	0.22	0.48
Mobility and stability	0.05	(2,142)	0.82	0.04	0.18
Blood pressure	0.75	(2,144)	0.39	0.14	0.48
Heart rate*	7.42	(2,142)	0.007	0.45	7.03
Lean muscle mass*	13.9	(2,144)	0.0003	0.61	63.4
Cognition
Episodic memory	1.77	(2,115)	0.19	0.22	0.14
Fluid intelligence acc	0.27	(2,140)	0.60	0.09	0.20
Fluid intelligence RT*	2.28	(2,139)	0.13	0.25	2.09
Working memory*	6.81	(2,142)	0.01	0.43	8.27
Executive function RT	0.99	(2,141)	0.32	0.16	0.53
Processing efficiency*	3.12	(2,141)	0.08	0.29	1.07
Biomarkers
Cortisol (µg/dL)	0.04	(2,129)	0.84	0.03	0.21
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	0.13	(2,129)	0.72	0.06	0.21
Ferritin (ng/mL)	0.30	(2,129)	0.59	0.09	0.27
Folate (ng/mL)*	14.6	(2,129)	0.0002	0.66	2.65
Lutein density in fovea	0.48	(2,42)	0.49	0.12	0.49
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)*	16.5	(2,129)	10−5	0.70	79.9
Omega-3 PUFAs (mol%)*	46.1	(2,131)	10−16	1.18	107
Omega-6 PUFAs (mol%)*	6.7	(2,131)	0.011	0.45	5.93

F-stat is the value of the ANCOVA model which included group as a factor and pre-intervention performance as a covariate; df is the degrees of freedom of the ANCOVA model; p value is the frequentist p value of the ANCOVA model; d is Cohen’s d; and Bf is the Bayes factor for the ANCOVA. An * in the row header means the exercise plus supplement intervention improved that indicator more than the exercise plus placebo intervention. To minimize the number of analyses conducted—and the resulting Type 1 error—Table 7 only includes rows from Table 5 or 6 that had a significant result. PUFA stands for polyunsaturated fatty acid. Supplementary Table 13 lists the means underlying these statistical tests.