Table 3:

Association between tooth lead levels and beta diversity metrics.

Time of Metal	Outcome	Time of Stool Measurement	PERMANOVAa
			N	R2	p-value
Bacterial
2nd trimester	Unweighted UniFrac	1-Month	104	0.007	0.87
		6-Months	96	0.011	0.32
	Weighted UniFrac	1-Month	104	0.012	0.28
		6-Months	96	0.006	0.70
	Canberra	1-Month	104	0.009	0.70
		6-Months	96	0.011	0.46
	Bray-Curtis	1-Month	104	0.010	0.40
		6-Months	96	0.013	0.21
3rd trimester	Unweighted UniFrac	1-Month	107	0.008	0.75
		6-Months	101	0.011	0.25
	Weighted UniFrac	1-Month	107	0.008	0.47
		6-Months	101	0.006	0.66
	Canberra	1-Month	107	0.009	0.66
		6-Months	101	0.010	0.33
	Bray-Curtis	1-Month	107	0.006	0.80
		6-Months	101	0.009	0.55
Postnatal	Unweighted UniFrac	1-Month	109	0.008	0.64
		6-Months	100	0.008	0.84
	Weighted UniFrac	1-Month	109	0.008	0.49
		6-Months	100	0.006	0.75
	Canberra	1-Month	109	0.008	0.84
		6-Months	100	0.010	0.59
	Bray-Curtis	1-Month	109	0.007	0.75
		6-Months	100	0.009	0.58
Fungalb
2nd trimester	Canberra	1-Month	48	0.018	0.59
		6-Months	45	0.016	0.94
	Bray-Curtis	1-Month	48	0.040	0.048
		6-Months	45	0.014	0.65
3rd trimester	Canberra	1-Month	49	0.019	0.51
		6-Months	47	0.014	0.96
	Bray-Curtis	1-Month	49	0.039	0.049
		6-Months	47	0.006	0.94
Postnatal	Canberra	1-Month	50	0.016	0.78
		6-Months	46	0.021	0.52
	Bray-Curtis	1-Month	50	0.021	0.39
		6-Months	46	0.028	0.22

^aadjusted for tooth type, attrition, batch, exact age at stool sample collection, and child race.

^bUniFrac metrics not able to be calculated for fungal data as no phylogenetic tree can be derived.