Table 2a.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes by timing of amniotomy among term, nulliparous labor inductions in the ARRIVE trial (2014-2017)
| Before oxytocin | 0 to <2 hours | 2 to <4 hours | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | AROM n=333 |
No AROM n=2521 |
AROM n=279 |
No AROM n=2156 |
AROM n=444 |
No AROM n=1603 |
| Cesarean delivery | 79 (23.7) | 596 (23.6) | 62 (22.2) | 517 (24.0) | 93 (20.9) | 416 (26.0) |
| Chorioamnionitis | 69 (20.7) | 347 (13.8) | 25 (9.0) | 309 (14.3) | 58 (13.1) | 245 (15.3) |
| Duration of labor > 24 hours | 207 (62.2) | 1358 (53.9) | 133 (47.7) | 1166 (54.1) | 200 (45.0) | 920 (57.4) |
| Overall pain score > 5 | 196 (60.7) | 1654 (67.8) | 156 (57.8) | 1440 (69.1) | 268 (63.5) | 1102 (70.9) |
| Maternal hospitalization > 3 days | 99 (29.7) | 843 (33.4) | 60 (21.5) | 762 (35.3) | 106 (23.9) | 636 (39.7) |
| Postpartum hemorrhage† | 22 (6.6) | 137 (5.4) | 10 (3.6) | 123 (5.7) | 22 (5.0) | 99 (6.2) |
| Postpartum infection‡ | 4 (1.2) | 57 (2.3) | 2 (0.7) | 52 (2.4) | 8 (1.8) | 43 (2.7) |
| Neonatal ICU admission | 60 (18.0) | 314 (12.5) | 27 (9.7) | 279 (12.9) | 77 (17.3) | 194 (12.1) |
| Composite adverse perinatal outcome § | 17 (5.1) | 128 (5.1) | 8 (2.9) | 115 (5.3) | 33 (7.4) | 78 (4.9) |
Data presented as n (%).
Note: Bolded values denote statistical significance (p<0.05 for primary outcome of cesarean delivery and p<0.01 for secondary outcomes).
Postpartum hemorrhage included transfusion, use of two or more uterotonics other than oxytocin, surgical interventions for excessive bleeding, and non-elective hysterectomy.
Postpartum infection included endometritis, wound reopened for any complication, cellulitis requiring antibiotics, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, bacteremia or septic pelvic thrombosis.
Composite adverse perinatal outcome included perinatal death, respiratory support, Apgar score ≤ 3 at 5 min, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, seizure, infection, meconium aspiration syndrome, birth trauma, intracranial or subgaleal hemorrhage, and hypotension requiring pressor support.
Number of missing values: maternal pain score (n=92).