Table 2.
Tobacco Cessation Smartphone App Studies, Study Designs, and Outcomes.
| Author & Year | Study Design | Comparison or Control | Length | Abstinence Report | Primary Outcome | Difference with Control | Other Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BinDhim 2018 | Automated double blind RCT | Downgraded app (no motivational messages) | 6 months | Self-report | 28.5% abstinent | Significant difference (p<.001) | Quit attempts, app feasibility |
| Bricker 2014 | Double blind RCT pilot trial | QuitGuide | 2 months | Self-report | 13% abstinent | Significant difference (p<.001) | Receptivity to app, smoking reduction |
| Bricker 2017 | Single arm pilot | NA | 2 months | Self-report | 21% 7-day point-prevalence abstinent (PPA) | NA | Receptivity to app, smoking reduction |
| Buller 2014 | Randomized pre/post feasibility | onQ text messaging | 3 months | Self-report | 37% 7-day PPA | Significant difference (p=.04) | App usage |
| Businelle 2016 | Nonrandomized feasibility | NA | 12 weeks | Biochemical | 20% abstinent | NA | Acceptability |
| Gordon 2017 | Single arm pilot | NA | 90 days | Self-report | 47% 7-day PPA | NA | Weight, diet, exercise, app satisfaction and acceptability |
| Hassandra 2017 | RCT feasibility | Relapse prevention training | 6 months | Both | 36% 7-day PPA | No significant difference | App engagement, physical activity |
| Hertzbeg 2013 | Randomized feasibility | Yoked condition | 3 months | Biochemical | 50% abstinent | No significant difference | |
| Hicks 2017 | Two arm RCT feasibility | Counseling and medication | 6 months | Both | 40% 7-day PPA | 100% abstinent in Combined Contact 60% abstinent in QUIT4EVER | Participant satisfaction, app compliance |
| Iacoviello 2017 | Single arm feasibility | NA | 8 weeks | Self-report | 45% 7-day PPA | NA | App engagement, medical monitoring of other health events |
| Ubhi 2015 | Single arm observational prospective cohort | NA | 28 days | Self-report | 19% 28-day PPA | NA | App usage |
| Tombor 2019 | RCT | Different versions of the app | 6 weeks | Self-report | N/A | No difference | App engagement |
| Masaki 2019 | Single-arm | N/A | 52 weeks | Both | 58% continues abstinence rate at 52 weeks | NA | Withdrawal and craving symptoms |
| Marler 2019 | Open-label single arm | N/A | 18.5 weeks | Both | 27.6% 30-day PPA | NA | Module completion rate, increased confidence to quit |
| Baskersville 2018 | Parallel double-blind RCT | Evidence informed self-help guide OnRQ (usual care) | 6 months | Self-report | 14.4% 30-day PPA at six months | No significant difference | Frequency of use |
| Crane 2019 | Two-arm exploratory RCT | Reduced version (no daily ‘missions’) | 3 months | Self-report | 19.3% abstinent | Significant difference (p<.001) | CPD, quit date designation |
| Krishnan 2019 | RCT | Brief advice only | 30 days | Self-report | 3% 30 day PPA | No difference | Carbon monoxide levels, CPD |
| Garrison 2020 | RCT | Experience training | 6 months | Biochemical | 11.1% 7 day PPA | No significant difference | Craving strength and frequency, mindfulness |