Table 2.
Characteristics of mothers and their children.
| Total group | Boys | Girls | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 757 | n = 382 (50.5%) | n = 375 (49.5%) | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age at enrolment, mean (SD) (years) | 31.0 (4.6) | 31.1 (4.5) | 30.9 (4.7) |
| Parity, n (%) | |||
| Nullipara | 464 (61.6%) | 232 (60.9%) | 232 (62.4%) |
| Multipara | 289 (38.4%) | 149 (39.1%) | 140 (37.6%) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| European | 478 (63.6%) | 245 (64.5%) | 233 (62.6%) |
| Non-European | 274 (36.4%) | 135 (35.5%) | 139 (37.4%) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Low | 52 (7.1%) | 26 (7.0%) | 26 (7.2%) |
| Middle | 286 (39.0%) | 141 (37.8%) | 145 (40.2%) |
| High | 396 (54.0%) | 206 (55.2%) | 190 (52.6%) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, median (95% range) (kg/m2) | 22.7 (18.6 – 34.7) | 22.6 (18.5 – 34.4) | 22.8 (18.6 – 35.1) |
| Maternal diet quality score, mean (SD)a | 7.9 (1.5) | 7.9 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.4) |
| Folic acid supplementation, n (%), yes | 503 (82.2%) | 259 (83.8%) | 244 (80.5%) |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%), yes | 165 (23.9%) | 81 (23.6%) | 84 (24.1%) |
| First trimester, n (%), yes | 104 (20.7%) | 67 (20.1%) | 73 (21.4%) |
| Second trimester, n (%), yes | 75 (11.3%) | 35 (10.4%) | 40 (12.3%) |
| Third trimester, n (%), yes | 68 (10.5%) | 36 (10.7%) | 32 (10.2%) |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (any), n (%), yes | 419 (61.2%) | 221 (64.8%) | 198 (57.6%) |
| First trimester, n (%), yes | 361 (53.6%) | 194 (57.7%) | 167 (49.4%) |
| Second trimester, n (%), yes | 251 (38.1%) | 133 (40.2%) | 118 (36.1%) |
| Third trimester, n (%), yes | 256 (39.7%) | 147 (44.3%) | 109 (34.8%) |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age, mean (SD) (years) | 9.7 (0.2) | 9.7 (0.3) | 9.7 (0.2) |
| BMI, median (95% range) (kg/m2) | 16.8 (14.0 – 25.0) | 16.6 (13.9 – 24.1) | 17.1 (14.0 – 25.5) |
| Triglycerides, median (95% range) (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.4 – 2.5) | 0.9 (0.4 – 2.6) | 1.0 (0.5 – 2.3) |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD) (mmol/L) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD) (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD) (mmol/L) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) |
| Insulin, median (95% range) (pmol/L) | 198.9 (37.5 – 671.0) | 193.3 (31.5 – 571.0) | 207.4 (38.5 – 804.6) |
| Glucose, mean (SD) (mmol/L) | 5.5 (0.9) | 5.5 (0.9) | 5.4 (0.9) |
Values represent mean (SD), median (95% range) or number of subjects (valid %).
a
As based on the food frequency questionnaire filled out in early pregnancy.