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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Auton Res. 2020 Aug 29;30(5):393–408. doi: 10.1007/s10286-020-00720-2

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Interactions between sex hormones and components of the renin-angiotensin system for cardiovascular regulation. Estrogen shifts the balance of the renin-angiotensin system towards angiotensin-(1–7)-ACE2-mas receptor-AT2 receptor pathways to elicit cardiovascular protection. In contrast, testosterone shifts the balance of the renin-angiotensin system towards angiotensin II-ACE-AT1 receptor pathways to elicit deleterious cardiovascular actions. ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2; Ang, angiotensin; AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT2R, angiotensin II type 2 receptor; MasR, mas receptor.