. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pancreatology. 2020 Sep 3;20(7):1413–1420. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.08.016

Table 1.

Cytokine Responses to Zinc Deficiency that may be related to Acute Pancreatitis

Cytokine	Role	Change in Zinc Deficiency	Net Effect of Zinc Deficient State	Change in Acute Pancreatitis
TNFα	Pro-inflammatory. With IL-1β, activates IL6/8.	Increased [20,68,69]	Increases injury via activation of IL6/8 and hyper-release of neutrophilic enzymes	Increased [50,70–72]
IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory. With TNF-a, activates IL6/8	Increased [20,68,69,73,74]	Increase in sterile inflammation, via NLRP3; overexpression of IL-6, IL-8, increases effects of LPS	Little or no increase^{50,70–72,75}
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory: lymphocyte-activating primary inducer of protein response to injury	Variable [20,68,69]	In heightened state, increased injury	Increased^{50,70–72,75}
IL-8	Pro-inflammatory: targets neutrophil and causes release of enzymes	Variable [20,68]	Over-degranulation and overactivation of neutrophilic enzymes can cause injury themselves; decreased neutrophil and T cell migration	Increased [71,72]
IFNγ	Chemotactic for monocytes, activates B cells. Inhibits Th2, activates Th1 proliferation	Decreased [11,20,22,68]	Decreases Th1/Th2 ratio, reduces T-cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to immune deficiencies, reduces NK cell and monocyte activity and function	Increased^72,75
IL-10	Anti-inflammatory	Unchanged [68]	Unchanged Th2 cytokines leads to net shift of Th1/Th2 ratio towards Th2	Increased^71,72,75
IL-2	Promotes T-cell differentiation; activates Th1 and NK cells	Decreased [11,20,22,68]	Decreases Th1/Th2 ratio, reduces T-cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to immune deficiencies, reduces NK cell and monocyte activity and function	Decreased [50,70,72]