Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable generalized linear mixed models of sociodemographic characteristics, substance use behaviours, treatment experience and other behavioural risk factors associated with illicit opioid use among 464 people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| Characteristics | Bivariable Regression | Multivariable Regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Opioid agonist therapy, among: | ||||
| High frequency user | 0.57 (0.34, 0.95) | 0.031 | 0.36 (0.20, 0.63) | <0.001 |
| Gradually increasing frequency user | 1.35 (0.85, 2.14) | 0.203 | 0.91 (0.53, 1.56) | 0.735 |
| Gradually increasing frequency user vs. High frequency user, when: | ||||
| Not on opioid agonist therapy | 0.23 (0.11, 0.46) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.11, 0.49) | <0.001 |
| On opioid agonist therapy | 0.54 (0.33, 0.88) | 0.014 | 0.59 (0.36, 0.99) | 0.047 |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age, per year increase | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.030 |
| Male | 1.27 (0.77, 2.08) | 0.349 | ||
| White ethnicity | 0.81 (0.50, 1.30) | 0.378 | ||
| Being in a stable relationship a | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.983 | ||
| Employment status (regular/temporary job; self-employed) a | 1.15 (0.80, 1.66) | 0.448 | ||
| Unstable housing | 2.33 (1.66, 3.26) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.09, 2.24) | 0.015 |
| Substance use a | ||||
| Any stimulant use | 5.16 (3.59, 7.41) | <0.001 | 3.69 (2.52, 5.39) | <0.001 |
| Cannabis use | 1.64 (1.18, 2.28) | 0.003 | 1.32 (0.93, 1.87) | 0.119 |
| Daily alcohol | 0.76 (0.39, 1.45) | 0.400 | ||
| Benzodiazepine use | 1.67 (0.71, 3.96) | 0.241 | ||
| Treatment experience | ||||
| Any opioid agonist therapy before study enrollment | 1.21 (0.73, 2.02) | 0.451 | ||
| Any other addiction treatment or services a | 0.50 (0.28, 0.91) | 0.023 | 0.47 (0.23, 0.97) | 0.040 |
| Behavioural risk factors a | ||||
| Attacked, assaulted, or suffered violence | 2.31 (1.48, 3.61) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.02, 2.65) | 0.041 |
| Drug dealing | 5.20 (3.47, 7.77) | <0.001 | 3.30 (2.17, 5.02) | <0.001 |
| Sex work involvement | 5.23 (2.59, 10.54) | <0.001 | 2.75 (1.31, 5.78) | 0.008 |
| Incarceration | 3.22 (1.95, 5.33) | <0.001 | 2.24 (1.31, 3.83) | 0.003 |
| Other factors | ||||
| Study cohort designation (ACCESS) | 0.62 (0.35, 1.08) | 0.091 | 0.75 (0.43, 1.32) | 0.322 |
| Study cohort designation (ARYS) | 1.32 (0.74, 2.33) | 0.347 | 0.92 (0.42, 2.03) | 0.837 |
| Calendar year on opioid agonist therapy | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.327 | ||
ACCESS AIDS Care Cohort to evaluate Exposure to Survival Services; AYRS At-Risk Youth Study; CI confidence interval.
a
Denotes behaviours and events in the previous six months.