Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants; MESA
| Number of left valve sites with progression of calcium |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total | No progression | One site only (AVC or MAC) |
Both sites (AVC and MAC) |
p-for-trend |
| n=5591 | n=4617 | n=827 | n=147 | ||
| Age (years) | 61.8 ± 10.2 | 60.3 ± 9.8 | 68.6 ± 8.5 | 71.9 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Women | 2939 (52.6%) | 2458 (53.2%) | 414 (50.1%) | 67 (45.6%) | 0.02 |
| White | 2215 (39.6%) | 1753 (38.0%) | 377 (45.6%) | 85 (57.8%) | <0.001 |
| Black | 1500 (26.8%) | 1286 (27.9%) | 189 (22.9%) | 25 (17.0%) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1194 (21.4%) | 974 (21.1%) | 193 (23.3%) | 27 (18.4%) | 0.59 |
| Chinese | 682 (12.2%) | 604 (13.1%) | 68 (8.2%) | 10 (6.8%) | <0.001 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 922 (16.5%) | 715 (15.5%) | 184 (22.3%) | 23 (15.7%) | <0.001 |
| High school or vocational school | 2294 (41.0%) | 1890 (40.9%) | 341 (41.2%) | 63 (42.9%) | 0.68 |
| College, graduate or professional school | 2375 (42.5%) | 2012 (43.6%) | 302 (36.5%) | 61 (41.5%) | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 5.4 | 28.1 ± 5.4 | 28.9 ± 5.4 | 28.8 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 679 (12.1%) | 567 (12.3%) | 106 (12.8%) | 6 (4.1%) | 0.11 |
| Pack-years of smoking in eversmokers* | 16.0 (6.0 – 32.0) | 15.1 (5.8 – 30.0) | 19.0 (7.5 – 37.0) | 20.0 (6.0 – 43.5) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-minutes/week)* | 4140 (2055 – 7530) | 4238 (2100 – 7710) | 3818 (1713 – 6870) | 3360 (1710 – 6480) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.8 ± 21 | 124.4 ± 20.5 | 132.6 ± 22.6 | 133.1 ± 20.3 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive use | 1804 (32.3%) | 1365 (29.6%) | 363 (43.9%) | 76 (51.7%) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 923 (16.5%) | 685 (14.8%) | 199 (24.1%) | 39 (26.5%) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.2 ± 35.2 | 194.1 ± 35.2 | 195.4 ± 35.4 | 190.5 ± 32.1 | 0.98 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 ± 14.7 | 51.2 ± 14.7 | 50.4 ± 14.9 | 49.3 ± 14.2 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 656 (11.7%) | 480 (10.4%) | 145 (17.5%) | 31 (21.1%) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 77.8 ± 15.9 | 79 ± 15.6 | 72.5 ± 16.2 | 69.8 ± 16.5 | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery calcium (Agatston units) | |||||
| 0 | 2875 (51.4%) | 2626 (56.9%) | 229 (27.7%) | 20 (13.6%) | <0.001 |
| 1 – 99 | 1463 (26.2%) | 1192 (25.8%) | 231 (27.9%) | 40 (27.2%) | 0.24 |
| 100 – 399 | 733 (13.1%) | 504 (10.9%) | 190 (23.0%) | 39 (26.5%) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 400 | 520 (9.3%) | 295 (6.4%) | 177 (21.4%) | 48 (32.7%) | <0.001 |
| Interim coronary heart disease and/ or atrial fibrillation | 1075 (19.2%) | 738 (16.0%) | 279 (33.7%) | 58 (39.5%) | <0.001 |
AVC= aortic valve calcium; MAC= mitral annular calcium
Data are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables unless otherwise specified.
*
Data presented as median (interquartile interval)