Table 3.
ORs and 95% CIs for the association of fruits, vegetables, and fiber intake with the risk of molecular subtypes of CRC in case-control analysis.
| Quartile | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest (Q1) | Second (Q2) | Third (Q3) | Highest (Q4) | Ptrend | Pdiffa | |
| Fruits (servings/day) | ||||||
| MSI-high vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 275/1938 | 404/1736 | 297/1682 | 199/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.27 (1.06-1.52) | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 0.85 (0.69-1.04) | 0.047 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.32 (1.10-1.58) | 1.09 (0.91-1.32) | 0.95 (0.77-1.16) | 0.40 | |
| MSS/MSI-low vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1447/1938 | 2199/1736 | 1556/1682 | 1128/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.22 (1.10-1.35) | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | 0.98 (0.87-1.09) | 0.24 | 0.19 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.25 (1.13-1.39) | 1.07 (0.96-1.19) | 1.06 (0.94-1.18) | 0.83 | 0.37 |
| CIMP-positive vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 242/1938 | 360/1736 | 268/1682 | 205/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.18 (0.97-1.42) | 0.95 (0.78-1.15) | 0.91 (0.73-1.12) | 0.14 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.21 (1.00-1.47) | 1.02 (0.84-1.25) | 1.02 (0.82-1.26) | 0.77 | |
| CIMP-negative vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1124/1938 | 1656/1736 | 1250/1682 | 933/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.26 (1.13-1.41) | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 0.94 (0.83-1.06) | 0.11 | 0.59 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.30 (1.16-1.46) | 1.12 (0.99-1.25) | 1.02 (0.90-1.16) | 0.82 | 0.87 |
| BRAF-mutated vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 233/1938 | 321/1736 | 235/1682 | 145/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.09 (0.89-1.32) | 0.86 (0.70-1.06) | 0.72 (0.57-0.91) | 1.7e-03 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.13 (0.93-1.38) | 0.94 (0.77-1.16) | 0.82 (0.65-1.04) | 0.06 | |
| BRAF-wildtype vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1407/1938 | 2298/1736 | 1577/1682 | 1117/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.27 (1.14-1.41) | 1.05 (0.94-1.17) | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 0.43 | 6.5e-03 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.31 (1.18-1.45) | 1.10 (0.99-1.23) | 1.09 (0.97-1.22) | 0.54 | 0.03 |
| KRAS-mutated vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 438/1938 | 755/1736 | 548/1682 | 369/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.39 (1.20-1.61) | 1.16 (0.99-1.34) | 1.04 (0.88-1.22) | 0.93 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.43 (1.23-1.66) | 1.21 (1.04-1.41) | 1.12 (0.95-1.33) | 0.38 | |
| KRAS-wildtype vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 883/1938 | 1577/1736 | 1070/1682 | 738/1430 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.31 (1.17-1.47) | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) | 1.05 (0.93-1.20) | 0.84 | 0.94 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.36 (1.21-1.53) | 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | 1.16 (1.02-1.32) | 0.18 | 0.63 |
| Vegetables (servings/day) | ||||||
| MSI-high vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 255/1772 | 441/1987 | 319/1828 | 178/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.08 (0.90-1.29) | 0.98 (0.81-1.19) | 0.87 (0.70-1.09) | 0.17 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.10 (0.92-1.31) | 1.03 (0.85-1.25) | 0.91 (0.73-1.13) | 0.35 | |
| MSS/MSI-low vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1397/1772 | 2301/1987 | 1779/1828 | 929/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.03 (0.93-1.14) | 0.97 (0.87-1.08) | 0.89 (0.79-1.00) | 0.046 | 0.81 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.03 (0.93-1.15) | 0.99 (0.89-1.11) | 0.91 (0.81-1.03) | 0.13 | 0.93 |
| CIMP-positive vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 261/1772 | 380/1987 | 246/1828 | 191/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.15 (0.95-1.38) | 1.00 (0.82-1.22) | 1.05 (0.84-1.31) | 0.96 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.17 (0.97-1.41) | 1.05 (0.86-1.28) | 1.09 (0.88-1.36) | 0.67 | |
| CIMP-negative vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1060/1772 | 1711/1987 | 1451/1828 | 784/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.05 (0.94-1.18) | 0.98 (0.87-1.11) | 0.90 (0.79-1.03) | 0.09 | 0.35 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 1.00 (0.89-1.13) | 0.93 (0.81-1.06) | 0.22 | 0.26 |
| BRAF-mutated vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 207/1772 | 370/1987 | 228/1828 | 135/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.17 (0.96-1.42) | 0.99 (0.80-1.22) | 0.90 (0.71-1.15) | 0.23 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.19 (0.98-1.45) | 1.04 (0.84-1.28) | 0.94 (0.74-1.20) | 0.45 | |
| BRAF-wildtype vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1408/1772 | 2374/1987 | 1793/1828 | 914/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.01 (0.91-1.12) | 0.93 (0.84-1.05) | 0.87 (0.77-0.98) | 0.01 | 0.94 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | 0.96 (0.86-1.07) | 0.89 (0.79-1.01) | 0.04 | 0.77 |
| KRAS-mutated vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 448/1772 | 812/1987 | 561/1828 | 315/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.10 (0.95-1.27) | 1.01 (0.87-1.18) | 0.95 (0.80-1.13) | 0.40 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.11 (0.96-1.29) | 1.04 (0.89-1.21) | 0.98 (0.82-1.16) | 0.65 | |
| KRAS-wildtype vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 968/1772 | 1616/1987 | 1104/1828 | 611/1238 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.89-1.13) | 0.96 (0.85-1.09) | 0.90 (0.79-1.04) | 0.12 | 0.71 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.02 (0.90-1.14) | 0.99 (0.88-1.12) | 0.93 (0.81-1.07) | 0.33 | 0.76 |
| Fiber (g/day) | ||||||
| MSI-high vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 214/1606 | 200/1621 | 184/1624 | 230/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.71-1.09) | 0.74 (0.59-0.92) | 0.86 (0.68-1.08) | 0.11 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.91 (0.73-1.12) | 0.79 (0.63-0.99) | 0.95 (0.75-1.20) | 0.47 | |
| MSS/MSI-low vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1161/1606 | 1079/1621 | 1050/1624 | 1092/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.79-0.99) | 0.81 (0.72-0.91) | 0.78 (0.69-0.88) | 4.3e-05 | 0.56 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | 0.84 (0.74-0.94) | 0.83 (0.73-0.95) | 3.4e-03 | 0.40 |
| CIMP-positive vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 212/1606 | 226/1621 | 209/1624 | 233/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.09 (0.88-1.34) | 0.93 (0.75-1.16) | 1.01 (0.80-1.27) | 0.69 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.12 (0.91-1.38) | 0.99 (0.80-1.24) | 1.11 (0.88-1.41) | 0.63 | |
| CIMP-negative vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 899/1606 | 836/1621 | 786/1624 | 840/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.90 (0.80-1.02) | 0.79 (0.69-0.90) | 0.79 (0.69-0.91) | 1.8e-04 | 0.08 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.81-1.04) | 0.82 (0.72-0.94) | 0.85 (0.74-0.98) | 9.0e-03 | 0.049 |
| BRAF-mutated vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 178/1606 | 170/1621 | 167/1624 | 181/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.89 (0.71-1.12) | 0.79 (0.62-1.00) | 0.80 (0.62-1.03) | 0.053 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.73-1.16) | 0.86 (0.67-1.09) | 0.90 (0.70-1.16) | 0.36 | |
| BRAF-wildtype vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 1139/1606 | 1038/1621 | 1012/1624 | 1059/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.87 (0.78-0.97) | 0.80 (0.71-0.90) | 0.78 (0.68-0.88) | 4.0e-05 | 0.88 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.79-0.99) | 0.83 (0.74-0.94) | 0.83 (0.73-0.95) | 3.5e-03 | 0.58 |
| KRAS-mutated vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 403/1606 | 370/1621 | 372/1624 | 391/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.89 (0.76-1.05) | 0.84 (0.71-0.99) | 0.84 (0.71-1.01) | 0.047 | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.90 (0.77-1.06) | 0.87 (0.73-1.03) | 0.89 (0.74-1.07) | 0.18 | |
| KRAS-wildtype vs Controls | ||||||
| Cases (n)/Controls (n) | 791/1606 | 733/1621 | 674/1624 | 739/1634 | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR (95%CI)b | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.91 (0.80-1.03) | 0.78 (0.68-0.89) | 0.80 (0.70-0.93) | 4.7e-04 | 0.44 |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95%CI)c | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.93 (0.82-1.06) | 0.82 (0.72-0.94) | 0.88 (0.76-1.02) | 0.03 | 0.72 |
a
Pdiff test the difference of the dietary risk factor and colorectal cancer association for the two cancer subtypes, such as MSI-high vs MSS/MSI-low. This is based on the case-only analysis testing the difference in the trend across the 4 quartiles.
b
Minimally adjusted OR was adjusted for age, sex, study, and total energy (continuous).
c
In addition to minimally adjusted OR, multivariate adjusted OR was further adjusted for tobacco smoking (never-, past and current smoker <25, 25-<50, 50-<75, ≥75 pack-years), red meat intake (study- and sex-specific quartiles as continuous), and processed meat intake (study- and sex-specific quartiles as continuous).
Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.