Table 1.

Methods of HCP Training Extracted Using Content Analysis

Study	Country	Domain	Intervention	Trainee	Training deliverer	Training duration	Components
Chassany 2006	France	Pain management in osteoarthritis of knee or hip	Intervention delivered by empathy-trained doctor vs. consultation delivered by untrained doctor	GP	Facilitator and expert	4 h	Videos of consultations Peer discussion Self-experimentation Creation of recommendation list Handout for patients Eight reminders post-training
Fujimori 2014	Japan	Breaking bad news to cancer patients	Intervention delivered by empathy-trained oncologist vs. treatment delivered by untrained oncologist	Oncologist	Psychiatrists, psychologists and oncologists	10 h	Lecture (evidence of patient preferences, instructions) Videos of consultations Role-playing Peer feedback Peer discussion
Kaptchuk 2008	USA	Sham acupuncture for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	Augmented consultation with acupuncturist vs. time-limited patient-practitioner relationship (initial consultation duration < 5 min)	Acupuncturist	Unknown	20 h	Training manual Video of consultations Role-playing Recording self Consultation feedback post-training
Little 2015	UK	General practice doctor consultation with adults	Intervention delivered by empathy-trained doctor vs. treatment delivered by untrained doctor	GP	Medical student	5-10 min for training, then up to 2 h for self-recording/monitoring	Brief one-to-one training (evidence of patient preferences, instructions, goal setting, action planning) Recording self Self-monitoring Summary sheet
Soltner 2011	France	Preoperative anaesthetist visit for gynaecological problem requiring day-care procedure	Consultation by HCP trained to provide additional empathy (with 5 min extra time) vs. consultation delivered by HCP instructed to give a neutral consultation.	Anaesthetist	Unknown	Unknown	Role-playing Recording self (as part of calibration)
Vangronsveld 2012	Sweden	Interview with nursing staff about their back pain	Interviewer actively/empathically listening and validating during a 15-min interview vs. non-validating interview	Interviewer with psychological background	Two trained therapists	Unknown	Interview scripts
White 2012	UK	Real/placebo acupuncture for back pain	Empathetic consultation vs. non-empathetic consultation	Physiotherapist, nurse and licenced acupuncturist	Unknown	Unknown	Social support from other trainees post-training