Table 3.
Baseline and 12-Month Scores on Secondary Outcomes
| Intervention (n = 168), mean (SD), n or n (%) | Control (n = 168), mean (SD), n or n (%) | 12-month between-group difference adjusted for baseline (95% CI), p, n | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline n = 168 | 12 month n = 146 | Baseline n = 168 | 12 month n = 138 | ||
| Balance and mobility: performance | |||||
| aShort physical performance battery, 0–12, mean (SD) | 7.9 (2.8) n = 168 | 8.9 (3.1) n = 140 | 7.4 (3.1) n = 168 | 8.0 (3.2) n = 133 | c0.70 (0.17 to 1.22), p = 0.009, n = 273 |
| bSit to stand, time for 5 sit to stands, sec, mean (SD) | 20.5 (10.0) n = 168 | 17.1 (10.3) n = 141 | 22.8 (11.0) n = 168 | 20.6 (11.3) n = 136 | c− 2.6 (− 4.7 to − 0.5), p = 0.016, n = 276 |
| bGait speed, time to walk 4 m, sec, mean (SD) | 5.8 (2.5) n = 168 | 5.3 (3.6) n = 141 | 6.7 (4.1) n = 168 | 6.0 (4.0) n = 134 | c− 0.07 (− 0.69 to 0.56), p = 0.832, n = 275 |
| aStanding balance, sum of feet together, semi-tandem, tandem stance times, sec, 0–30, mean (SD) | 25.5 (6.2) n = 168 | 25.5 (7.8) n = 142 | 24.9 (6.6) n = 168 | 24.7 (7.3) n = 135 | c0.51 (− 0.86 to 1.87), p = 0.47, n = 277 |
| aSingle leg stance time, sec, 0–10, mean (SD) | 3.8 (4.4) n = 168 | 4.9 (4.5) n = 141 | 3.5 (4.4) n = 168 | 3.7 (4.2) n = 135 | c0.89 (0.09 to 1.70), p = 0.03, n = 276 |
| aMaximum balance range, mm, mean (SD) | 136.2 (54.5) n = 166 | 145.9 (60.5) n = 141 | 131.1 (55.6) n = 163 | 133.8 (62.4) n = 135 | c6.3 (−5.3 to 17.8), p = 0.286 n = 271 |
| bCoordinated stability, total distance of inside corners missed, mm, mean (SD) | 85.4 (98.9), n = 162 | 52.9 (80.3), n = 140 | 79.0 (90.0), n = 158 | 64.9 (80.7), n = 134 | c− 12.30 (− 29.67 to 5.07), p = 0.16, n = 262 |
| aStep test, number of steps onto 7.5 cm block 15 s, average both legs, mean (SD) | 9.8 (2.6) n = 168 | 9.0 (3.0) n = 142 | 10.7 (4.0) n = 168 | 9.6 (3.1) n = 134 | c− 0.16 (− 0.75 to 0.44), p = 0.609, n = 76 |
| bChoice stepping reaction time, time to complete routine, sec, mean (SD) | 44.9 (19.7) n = 166 | 42.7 (19.5) n = 141 | 47.1 (19.7) n = 168 | 49.1 (20.0) n = 133 | c− 4.66 (− 7.5 to − 1.8), p = 0.001 n = 272 |
| aNo walking aid used during assessment, n (%) | 134 (80%) n = 168 | 116 (82%) n = 141 | 129 (77%) n = 168 | 107 (80%) n = 134 | e1.46, 0.70 to 3.03, p = 0.31, n = 275 |
| Balance and mobility: reported activity ease | |||||
| aActivity measure post acute care basic mobility score, 0–100, mean (SD) follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months | 60.2 (6.9), n = 167 | 60.8 (7.6), n = 148 61.3 (8.06) n = 140 61.0 (8.3) n = 139 60.4 (7.8) n = 137 | 58.7 (6.4), n = 167 | 59.7 (7.3), n = 151 59.3 (8.7) n = 141 59.9 (8.3) n = 138 59.2 (8.2) n = 136 | c− 0.07, − 1.1 to 0.96, p = 0.90, n = 299 |
| c0.87, − 0.46 to 2.22, p = 0.20, n = 280 | |||||
| c0.09, − 1.27 to 1.46, p = 0.90, n = 276 | |||||
| c0.03, − 1.24 to 1.31, p = 0.96, n = 272 | |||||
| aActivity measure post acute care daily activity score, 0–100, mean (SD) follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months | 58.1 (12.9), n = 167 | 59.5 (13.5), n = 148 60.5 (14.4), n = 139 58.2 (13.0), n = 139 58.0 (12.4), n = 137 | 57.3 (11.5), n = 167 | 57.2 (13.7), n = 149 57.4 (12.9), n = 136 56.3 (11.2), n = 138 56.8 (13.3), n = 134 | c1.28, − 0.77 to 3.35, p = 0.22, n = 297 |
| c2.13, 0.35 to 4.23, p = 0.046, n = 274 | |||||
| c1.15, − 0.95 to 3.25, p = 0.28, n = 276 | |||||
| c0.21, − 2.05 to 2.48, p = 0.85, n = 270 | |||||
| aActivity measure post acute care basic mobility + daily activity, 0–200, mean (SD) follow-up at 3, 6, and 9 months | 118.2 (18.2) n = 167 | 120.4 (19.4), n = 148 121.9 (20.8) n = 139 119.2 (19.7) n = 139 | 116.0 (16.5) n = 167 | 117.0 (19.3) n = 149 116.9 (19.9) n = 136 116.2 (18.1) n = 138 | c1.16, − 1.51 to 3.84, p = 0.39, n = 297 |
| c0.94, − 0.04 to 5.91, p = 0.053, n = 274 | |||||
| c1.21, − 1.82 to 4.23, p = 0.433, n = 276 | |||||
| bBalance and mobility: activity difficulty from calendars, 9–45, mean (SD) follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months | 22.4 (8.5), n = 158 | 22.2 (8.4), n = 147 21.2 (8.5), n = 144 21.2 (8.7), n = 142 21.6 (9.1), n = 137 | 23.0 (8.1), n = 150 | 22.6 (8.3), n = 143 23.1 (9.0), n = 147 23.5 (9.4), n = 139 23.7 (8.9), n = 136 | c− 0.14, − 1.3 to 1.1, p = 0.82, n = 277 |
| c− 1.2, − 2.5 to 0.1, p = 0.07, n = 280 | |||||
| c− 1.6, − 3.0 to 0.1, p = 0.04, n = 271 | |||||
| c− 1.3, − 2.8 to 0.2, p = 0.08, n = 262 | |||||
| Balance and mobility: self-reported participation | |||||
| aLate Life Disability Instrument, limitation scale, 0–100, mean (SD) | 61.75 (13.17), n = 164 | 64.60 (14.9), n = 144 | 58.0 (15.5), n = 161 | 61.1 (15.7), n = 136 | c1.42, − 1.3 to 4.2, p = 0.30, n = 273 |
| aLate Life Disability Instrument, activity frequency scale, 0–100, mean (SD) | 52.3 (9.0), n = 164 | 56.3 (11.1), n = 145 | 49.2 (10.3). n = 161 | 53.4 (11.5), n = 137 | c0.15, − 1.57 to 1.86, p = 0.87, n = 275 |
| Fall risk | |||||
| bPhysiological profile assessment, total score, mean (SD) | 0.37 (1.19) n = 168 | 0.55 (1.14) n = 146 | 0.56 (1.33) n = 168 | 1.06 (1.40) n = 136 | c− 0.38, − 0.61 to − 0.14, p = 0.002, n = 282 |
| aVisual contrast sensitivity, score, mean (SD) | 19.76 (2.39) n = 167 | 20.21 (2.43) n = 141 | 19.51 (2.45) n = 168 | 19.06 (3.75) n = 137 | c0.92, 0.26 to 1.58, p = 0.006, n = 277 |
| bPostural sway on foam total length, mm, mean (SD) | 115.24 (59.58) n = 163 | 120.66 (54.34) n = 130 | 114.62 (64.28) n = 160 | 135.61 (90.79) n = 120 | c− 0.15, − 31.8 to 0.72, p = 0.061, n = 248 |
| aKnee extension strength, kg, mean (SD) | 14.7 (6.0) n = 160 | 17.8 (8.01) n = 135 | 14.7 (6.1) n = 149 | 16.03 (7.4) n = 128 | c1.81 (0.32 to 3.310, p = 0.017, n = 250 |
| bLower limb proprioception, degrees of error, mean (SD) | 1.69 (1.24) n = 160 | 1.66 (1.06) n = 135 | 1.72 (2.09) n = 157 | 1.97 (1.46) n = 128 | c− 0.33 (− 0.64 to − 0.10), p = 0.042, n = 254 |
| bHand reaction time, sec, mean (SD) | 254.44 (81.63) n = 168 | 261.48 (69.97) n = 141 | 274.03 (91.46) n = 168 | 279.51 (70.59) n = 134 | c− 15.02 (− 30.61 to 0.58), p = 0.059, n = 275 |
| Physical activity | |||||
| aTotal habitual physical activity, h/week, mean (SD) | 27.53 (15.95) n = 168 | 25.87 (17.71) n = 145 | 25.99 (17.39) n = 167 | 22.90 (16.58) n = 137 | c2.09 (− 1.44 to 5.62), p = 0.245, n = 282 |
| aHome exercise, h/week, mean (SD) | 0.77 (2.14) n = 168 | 0.87 (1.94) n = 146 | 0.74 (1.14) n = 166 | 0.47 (1.14) n = 138 | c0.39 (0.02 to 0.77), p = 0.04, n = 284 |
| aPlanned activities (including walking), h/week, mean (SD) | 3.19 (3.61) n = 168 | 3.95 (5.77) n = 146 | 3.55 (5.7) n = 167 | 2.57 (3.12) n = 137 | c1.46 (0.42 to 2.50), p = 0.006, n = 283 |
| Pain | |||||
| aLittle or no pain in fracture area, n (%) | 71 (43%) n = 167 | 55 (38%) n = 146 | 75 (46%) n = 164 | 51 (37%) n = 137 | d0.92 (0.59 to 1.43), p = 0.72, n = 282 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 25.9 (5.4) n = 167 | 26.6 (5.6) n = 143 | 26.3 (5.6) n = 167 | 26.3 (6.2) n = 137 | c0.60 (− 0.08 to 1.29), p = 0.085, n = 279 |
| Fall-related self-efficacy | |||||
| aSelf-rated balance excellent/ very good, n (%) | 33 (20%) n = 168 | 29 (20%) N = 143 | 23 (14%) n = 165 | 23 (17%) n = 138 | d1.18 (0.76 to 1.82), p = 0.46, n = 281 |
| aSelf-rated fear of falling not at all/a little, n (%) | 90 (54%) n = 168 | 81 (57%) n = 143 | 79 (48%) n = 165 | 73 (53%) n = 138 | d1.13 (0.73 to 1.75, p = 0.59, n = 281 |
| bConcerns about falling, Falls Efficacy Scale Global, 7–28, mean (SD) | 11.45 (4.46) n = 168 | 11.70 (4.61) n = 145 | 11.8 (4.17) n = 165 | 12.44 (4.92) n = 138 | c− 0.36 (− 1.28 to 0.55), p = 0.435, n = 283 |
| Mood | |||||
| bGeriatric Depression Scale, 0–5, mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.3), n = 164 | 0.6 (1.1), n = 145 | 1.2 (1.3) n = 161 | 0.84 (1.1) n = 145 | c− 0.18 (− 0.41 to 0.06), p = 0.14, n = 275 |
| d0.58 (0.35 to 0.95), p = 0.03, n = 275 | |||||
| aPositive and negative affect schedule, positive subscale, 10–50, mean (SD) | 35.8 (7.4) n = 165 | 36.0 (7.6) n = 144 | 33.8 (8.4) n = 161 | 33.9 (7.8) n = 138 | c0.98 (− 0.45 to 2.41), p = 0.18, n = 275 |
| bSelf-rated overall health at 12 months compared to baseline, n (%) |
59 (40%) 65 (45%) 22 (15%) n = 146 |
33 (24%) 81 (59%) 23 (17%) n = 137 |
d0.58 (0.37 to 0.91), p = 0.017, n = 283 | ||
| Better | |||||
| Much the same | |||||
| Worse | |||||
| Stage of motivational readiness for change | |||||
| aPhysical activity, n (%) | n = 166 | n = 145 | n = 164 | n = 138 | d1.66 (1.09 to 2.55), p = 0.019, n = 283 |
| Pre-contemplation | 13 (8%) | 21 (14%) | 14 (9%) | 39 (28%) | |
| Contemplation | 76 (45%) | 33 (23%) | 74 (45%) | 31 (22%) | |
| Preparation | 19 (12%) | 22 (15%) | 32 (19%) | 16 (12%) | |
| Action | 18 (11%) | 8 (6%) | 11 (7%) | 3 (2%) | |
| Maintenance | 40 (24%) | 61 (42%) | 33 (20%) | 49 (36%) | |
| Community outings | |||||
| aOutings per month to movies, etc., mean (SD) | 2.3 (3.3) | 2.7 (3.6) | 2.5 (3.8) | 1.8 (2.4) | e1.47 (1.11 to 1.95), p = 0.007, n = 284 |
| aVisits to relatives per month, mean (SD) | 6.1 (8.8) n = 167 | 3.9 (5.8) n = 146 | 5.1 (6.9) n = 165 | 2.7 (3.7) n = 138 | e1.10 (− 0.004 to 2.19), p = 0.051, n = 284 |
aHigher scores reflect better performance; bLower scores reflect better performance; cBetween-group difference in units of the outcome from linear regression models adjusted for baseline values for that outcome; dBetween-group difference expressed as odds ratio from ordinal regression models adjusted for baseline values for that outcome; eBetween-group difference expressed as incidence rate ratio (IRR) from negative binomial regression comparing adjusted for baseline values for that outcome. Italic values indicate between-group differences that are statistically significant (p < 0.05)