Table 2.

Protein profile (g L⁻¹) of milk from different mammalian species^#.

	Ruminants						Non-ruminants		Human
Protein fractions	Cattle	Buffalo	Goat	Sheep	Red deer*	Camel	Horse	Donkey
Total casein	24.6–28	32–40	23.3–46.3	41.8–52.6∞	~57–84	22.1–26.0	9.4–13.6	6.4–10.3	2.4–4.2
Total whey proteins	5.5–7.0	6	3.7–7.0	10.2–16.1∞	~11–15	5.9–8.1	7.4–9.1	4.9–8.0	6.2–8.3
Casein-to-whey protein ratio	82:18	82:18	78:22	76:24	~80:20–85:15	73:27–76:24	52:48	56:44	29:71–33:67
Major caseins
αs1-Casein	8–10.7	8.9	0–13.0	2.4∞-22.1	–	4.9–5.7Ω	2.4	Present	0.77
αs2-Casein	2.8–3.4	5.1	2.3–11.6	6.0∞	–	2.1–2.5Ω	0.2	Present	Absent
β-Casein	8.6–9.3	12.6–20.9	0–29.6	15.6–39.6∞	–	14.4–16.9Ω	10.66	Present	3.87
κ-Casein	2.3–3.3	4.1–5.4	2.8–13.4	3.2–12.23∞	–	0.8–0.9Ω	0.24	Present	0.14
Major whey proteins
β-Lactoglobulin	3.2–3.3	3.9	1.5–5.0	6.5–13.5∞	–	Absent	2.55	3.3	Absent
α-Lactalbumin	1.2–1.3	1.4	0.7–2.3	1–1.9	–	0.8–3.5	2.37	1.9	1.9–3.4

^#Source: Adapted and modified from Claeys et al. (19) and Crowley et al. (13).

^*Values (g kg ^-1) derived from Arman et al. (20) and SDS-PAGE image analysis of our previous work (29). There are insufficient data for red deer milk in the literature to derive approximate values.

^ΩValues derived from Kappeler (30).

^∞Values (g kg ^-1) derived from SDS-PAGE image analysis of our previous work (29).