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. 2020 Oct 6;7:571455. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.571455

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Copyright © 2020 Donovan, Selmin, Stillwater, Neumayer and Romagnolo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The tumor suppressive effects of fish oil ω-3 essential fatty acids in TNBC cells. Studies performed within the last 5 y documented treatment with DHA/EPA have anti-proliferative effects on TNBC cells. Mechanistic studies with DHA showed pro-apoptotic and pro-pyroptotic effects, with inhibitory effects on glycolytic and mitochondrial energy metabolism. DHA and EPA showed suppressive effects on TNBC cell migration and invasion, and DHA decreased experimental metastasis. Arrows indicate stimulus, blunted lines indicate repressive effects. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.