Table 2.
Effect of MD adherence on BC incidence reported from studies in human populations.
| Study design | Intervention/variable | Outcome | Effect/association | HR/OR/RR (95% CI) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical trials | |||||
| MD supplemented with EVOO | BC incidence | Decreased | HR = 0.32 (0.13–0.79) | (22) | |
| Meta-analyses | |||||
| MD adherence | BC incidence | Inverse | RR = 0.93 (0.87−0.99) | (23) | |
| MD adherence | BC incidence | Inverse | RR = 0.92 (0.87–0.96) | (24) | |
| MD adherence | BC incidence | N/A | RR = 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | (25) | |
| MD adherence | BC incidence ER+ BC incidence ER- BC incidence |
N/A N/A Inverse |
RR= 0.94 (0.87–1.01) RR= 0.92 (0.85–1.01) RR= 0.84 (0.73–0.97) |
(26) | |
| Observational | |||||
| aMED adherence | BC incidence ER+ BC incidence PR+ BC incidence ER/PR+ BC incidence ER- BC incidence PR- BC incidence ER/PR- BC incidence |
N/A N/A N/A N/A Inverse Inverse Inverse |
HR = 0.87 (0.72–1.06) HR = 0.87 (0.69–1.10) HR = 0.90 (0.69–1.19) HR = 0.91 (0.69–1.21) HR = 0.60 (0.39–0.93)a HR = 0.72 (0.52–1.05)a HR = 0.61 (0.36–1.01)a |
(26) | |
| arMED adherence | BC incidence ER/PR+ BC incidence ER/PR- BC incidence P.M. BC incidence P.M. ER/PR+ BC incidence P.M. ER/PR- BC incidence Pr.M BC incidence Pr.M. ER/PR+ BC incidence Pr.M. ER/PR- BC incidence |
Inverse
N/A N/A Inverse N/A Inverse N/A N/A N/A |
HR = 0.94 (0.88, 1.00)a
HR = 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) HR = 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) HR = 0.93 (0.87, 0.99)a HR = 0.92 (0.85, 1.01) HR = 0.80 (0.65, 0.99)a HR = 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) HR = 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) HR = 1.09 (0.65, 1.82) |
(17) | |
| aMED adherence “a posteriori” MDb adherence |
ER/PR+, HER2- BC incidence HER2+ BC incidence TNBC BC incidence ER/PR+, HER2- BC incidence HER2+ BC incidence TNBC BC incidence |
N/A N/A Inverse Inverse N/A Inverse |
OR = 0.91 (0.82–1.01) OR = 0.94 (0.80–1.11) OR = 0.80 (0.65–0.99) OR = 0.83 (0.73–0.94) OR = 0.86 (0.71–1.04) OR = 0.63 (0.50–0.78) |
(27) | |
| “a posteriori” MDb adherence | ER/PR+ HER2+ TNBC incidence |
N/A N/A N/A |
OR = 0.91 (0.67–1.23) OR = 0.86 (0.51–1.47) OR = 0.73 (0.34–1.55) |
(28) | |
| aMED adherence | BC incidence ER/PR+ BC incidence ER/PR- BC incidence TNBC incidence |
Inverse
N/A N/A N/A |
HR = 0.89 (0.76–1.05)a
HR = 0.87 (0.72–1.07) HR = 0.80 (0.50–1.29) HR = 0.66 (0.37–1.19) |
(29) |
a
Significant P-trend reported in bold.
b
Characterized by high intakes of fish, vegetables, legumes, boiled potatoes, fruits, olives and vegetable oil, and a low intake of juices.
aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet Score; arMED, adapted relative Mediterranean diet.