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. 2020 Oct 6;11:512526. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.512526

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Copyright © 2020 McCarthy and Medford.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Structure of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli. (A) The toggle circuit design consists of two constitutively active, mutually repressible promoters controlling expression of two repressors. (B) Mathematical equations describing the interactions of the genetic parts in (A). x: concentration of repressor 1. y: concentration of repressor 2. α_1,2: rate of synthesis of repressors 1 and 2. β, γ: cooperativity of repression from promoters 1 and 2, respectively. Adapted from Gardner et al. (2000).