TABLE 7.
Summary of drugs potentially relevant for COVID-19 chosen via the data-driven drug repositioning strategy.
| Drug(s) | DrugBank ID | Target gene | Possible compartment for Target-SARS-Cov-2 interaction | COVID-19-related phase | Drug description | Status | Approved conditions | Potential alternative targets | Reference/Note |
| Afatinib | DB08916 | EGFR | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule Inhibitor | Approved | Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Refractory, metastatic squamous cell Non-small cell lung cancer | ERBB2, ERBB4 | |
| ERBB2 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule, Inhibitor | Approved | Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with common epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations | EGFR, ERBB4, | https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.us/press-release/fda-approves-new-indication-gilotrif-egfr-mutation-positive-nsclc | ||
| Artenimol | DB11638 | FLNA | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved, investigational | Antimalarial agent | ANXA2, CAST, DPYSL2, DSP, HSPB1, IQGAP1, MAP4, RPL4, RPL10, RPL13, RPL14, RPL35, RPL17, RPL18, RPL19, RPL23A, | https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/162441/9789241549127_eng.pdf;jsessionid=F0093888/B29AE0/CE2AF698/13FFCFF6FD?sequence=1 |
| Bosutinib | DB06616 | LYN | Golgi apparatus, Plasma membrane | Virus entry, virus assembly | Small Molecule | Approved | Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) | BRC, ALB1, HCK, SRC, CDK2, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP3K2, CAMK2G | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674887/ |
| SRC | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Inhibitor for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) | LYN, HCK, CDK2, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP3K2, CAMK2G, ABL1, BCR, | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23098112/ | ||
| Calcium Phosphate | DB11348 | CALR | Endoplasmic reticulum | Viral protein synthesis | Small Molecule | Approved | Calcium and phosphate supplement, antacid, | CASR, CIB1, SRI, CHP1, CANX, FBN2, S100B, CASQ2, RGN, PEF1, S100A6, TPT1, CIB2, CALM1, FBN3 | |
| Calcium phosphate dihydrate | DB14481 | CALR | Endoplasmic reticulum | Viral protein synthesis | Small Molecule | Approved | Counter calcium and phosphate supplement, antacid | CASR, PDCD6, SPARC, CANX, S100A6, TPT1, CIB2, FBN2, SRI, S100B, CASQ2, RGN, PEF1, CHP1, | |
| Carboplatin | DB00958 | SOD1 | Nucleoplasm, Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Antineoplastic activity | XDH, MPO, GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, NQO1, MT1A, MT2A | https://patents.google.com/patent/US7259270?oq=07259270 |
| Cetuximab | DB00002 | EGFR | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Monoclonal Antibody, Antagonist | Approved | Metastatic Colorectal Cancer | FCGR3B, C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, FCGR3A, FCGR1A, FCGR1B | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408594 |
| Cisplatin | DB00515 | SOD1 | Nucleoplasm, Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Sarcomas, small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphomas and germ cell tumors | MPG, A2M, TF, ATOX1 | |
| Docetaxel | DB01248 | MAPT | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | approved, investigational | Anti-mitotic chemotherapy for breast, ovarian, non-small cell lung, androgen independent metastatic prostate, gastric adenocarcinoma and head and neck cancer. | TUBB1, BCL2, MAP2, MAP4, NR1I2, CYP3A4, | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18068131/ |
| Entacapone | DB00494 | COMT | Endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles | Viral protein synthesis, virus release | Small Molecule, Inhibitor | Approved | Parkinson’s disease | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440283 | |
| Everolimus | DB01590 | MTOR | Vesicles, Cytosol | Virus replication and release | Small Molecule | Approved | Immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of organ transplants | ||
| Ferric derisomaltose | DB15617 | TFRC | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Anemia, non-hemodialysis dependent chronic kidney disease | HBA1 | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/208171s000lbl.pdf |
| Fostamatinib | DB12010 | TBK1 | Nucleoplasm, vesicles | Virus release | Small Molecule | Approved, investigational | Rheumatoid Arthritis and Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) | CTSL, ABL1, RPS6KA6, MET, TEK, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SYK, | https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-fostamatinib-tablets-itp |
| Lansoprazole | DB00448 | MAPT | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | approved, investigational | Ulcerative, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and other pathologies caused by excessive acid secretion | ATP4A | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19006606/ |
| Natalizumab | DB00108 | ICAM1 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Monoclonal Antibody | Approved, Investigational | Multiple sclerosis | ITGA4, FCGR3B, FCGR1A | Natalizumab was voluntarily withdrawn from United States market because of risk of Progressive multifocal leukoence-phalopathy (PML). It was returned to market July, 2006 |
| CD209 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Monoclonal Antibody | Approved, Investigational | Multiple sclerosis | FCGR1A, ITGA4, ICAM1, FCGR3B | Natalizumab was voluntarily withdrawn from United States market because of risk of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). It was returned to market July, 2006 | ||
| Nintedanib | DB09079 | LYN | Golgi apparatus, Plasma membrane | Virus entry, virus assembly | Small Molecule | Approved | Pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, and non-small cell lung cancer | KDR, LCK, SRC, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FLT1, FLT3, FLT4, | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/205832s010lbl.pdf |
| SRC | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | FLT1, KDR, FLT4, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FLT3, LCK, LYN, | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/205832s010lbl.pdf | ||
| FGFR1 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | FLT1, KDR, FLT4, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FLT3, LCK, LYN, | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/205832s010lbl.pdf | ||
| Osimertinib | DB09330 | EGFR | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule Inhibitor | Approved | Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522274 | |
| Palifermin | DB00039 | FGFR1 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Oral mucositis | FGFR2, NRP1, FGFR4, FGFR3, HSPG2, | |
| Pertuzumab | DB06366 | ERBB2 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Monoclonal antibody, Inhibitor | Approved | Metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/125409s124lbl.pdf | |
| Regorafenib | DB08896 | FGFR1 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved | Metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors | FLT1, KDR, FLT4, KIT, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR2, DDR2, EPHA2, RAF1, BRAF, MAPK11, FRK, ABL1, RET, TEK, NTRK1 | |
| Stiripentol | DB09118 | LDHA | Cytosol, Vesicles | virus replication | Small Molecule | Approved | Anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy | LDHB, GABA(A) Receptor (Protein Group) | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=reportsSearch.process |
| Temsirolimus | DB06287 | MTOR | Vesicles, Cytosol | Virus replication and release | Small Molecule | Approved | Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) | ||
| Tromethamine | DB03754 | APP | Plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, vesicles | Virus entry, virus assembly | Small molecule, Inhibitor | Approved | Prevention and correction of metabolic acidosis | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8380642 | |
| Urea | DB03904 | CTNNB1 | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule | Approved, Investigational | ARG1, CA2, yedY, DHFR | ||
| Vandetanib | DB05294 | EGFR | Plasma membrane | Virus entry | Small Molecule Inhibitor | Approved | Non-resectable, locally advanced, or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer | VEGFA |