Table 4.

Types of consent in health care consultations (¹For further detail about material risk, see MDU, 2018. ²This does not cover treatments within the consultation, as express consent is required for these.).

Type	Definition	Example of use	Example in remote consultation
Express	When a patient explicitly indicates their agreement, either verbally or in writing. This should be obtained for any procedure that requires material risk1, before the procedure starts.	•Prior to an invasive technique such as an injection, acupuncture etc.	See turn 14: ‘Are you happy to go ahead with this by phone?’
Implied	When a patient performs an action that suggests they consent.	•Patient physically attends an appointment (consent for consultation2). •Patient rolls up their sleeve to have their blood pressure taken (consent for process).	Patient removes their clothing to show their range of movement in a virtual consultation.