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. 2020 Aug 6;2(3):325–333. doi: 10.3390/clockssleep2030024

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mitochondria from brain and liver of sleep-deprived mice treated with SS31 had restored ATP and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and ATP levels were measured using isolated mitochondria from brain and liver. The y-axis shows percentages, with the non-SD group being 100 percent. (A) ATP level in brain tissue, (B) ROS level in brain tissue, (C) ATP level in the liver tissue, and (D) ROS level in liver tissue. All data represent the mean ± SEM of three independent triplicate experiments. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, statistically significant difference between SD group/SD + Saline group and Non-SD group. # p < 0.05, statistically significant difference between SD + SS31 group and SD group/SD + Saline group.