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. 2020 Aug 6;2(3):325–333. doi: 10.3390/clockssleep2030024

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hippocampal regulatory proteins for synaptic plasticity were restored, and inflammatory cytokines decreased in sleep-deprived mice treated with SS31. Western blotting was performed on hippocampus using specific antibodies for the detection of (A) NMDA receptor, (B) p-CREB, (C) BDNF, (D) MCP-1, (E) TNF-α, (F) IL-6, and (G) caspase-3, with Actin used as loading control. The densitometry values for the proteins were normalized to those of Actin, with non-SD group being 1. All data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, statistically significant difference between SD group/SD + Saline group and Non-SD group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, statistically significant difference between SD + SS31 group and SD group/SD + Saline group.