Table 1.
Comparison of age, anthropometric indices, body fat composition, basal heart rate, blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) indices between control group (participants without diabetes) and diabetes group (patients with diabetes)
| Control group | Diabetes group | |
|---|---|---|
| (n = 42) | (n = 42) | |
| General parameters | ||
| Female:Male | 27:15 | 27:15 |
| Age (years) | 43.04 ± 6.21 | 45.76 ± 6.88 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.59 ± 3.27 | 27.03 ± 3.93 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.06 |
| Body fat composition | ||
| Body fat (%) | 35.95 ± 7.65 | 37.71 ± 8.18 |
| BFMI | 9.30 ± 2.81 | 10.32 ± 3.17 |
| LBM (%) | 64.04 ± 7.65 | 62.28 ± 8.18 |
| FFMI | 16.29 ± 2.13 | 16.70 ± 2.55 |
| BHR and BP parameters | ||
| BHR (beats per min) | 70.19 ± 8.93 | 82.21 ± 10.99*** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 116.40 ± 10.45 | 123.88 ± 10.51** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.66 ± 9.13 | 78.61 ± 8.95** |
| RPP (mmHg/min) | 82.07 ± 10.19 | 101.76 ± 15.46*** |
| HRV indices | ||
| TP (ms2) | 566.23 ± 311.37 | 285.35 ± 197.57*** |
| LFnu | 48.82 ± 16.31 | 56.85 ± 19.47 |
| HFnu | 61.40 ± 24.79 | 43.06 ± 19.50 |
| LF/HF | 1.23 ± 0.99 | 2.08 ± 2.07* |
| SDNN (ms) | 25.39 ± 9.92 | 17.45 ± 6.92*** |
| RMSSD (ms) | 25.01 ± 9.04 | 16.94 ± 8.03*** |
The values are expressed as Mean ± SD
BMI body mass index, BFMI body fat mass index, LBM lean body mass, FFMI free fat mass index, BHR basal heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, RPP rate pressure product, RPP rate pressure product = SBP × HR/100, TP total power of HRV, LFnu normalized low-frequency power of HRV, HFnu normalized high-frequency power of HRV, SDNN standard deviation of normal to normal interval, RMSSD square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of the differences between adjacent NN intervals
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01;***p < 0.001; by Student’s unpaired ‘t’ test