Table 1.
Clinical characteristics at baseline and postoperative outcomes between the Non-DEX, Low-DEX, and High-DEX patient groups.
| Non-DEX (n = 1,374) | Low-DEX (n = 917) | High-DEX (n = 2,058) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age; year | 72.2 ± 6.0 | 71.9 ± 5.7 | 70.9 ± 5.3*# | <0.001 |
| Male; n (%) | 715 (52.0%) | 540 (58.9%)* | 1173 (57.0%)* | 0.002 |
| BMI; kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 3.5* | 24.2 ± 3.5# | <0.001 |
| ASA; n (%) | 0.852 | |||
| Class II | 512 (37.3%) | 337 (36.8%) | 778 (37.8%) | |
| Class III | 862 (62.7%) | 580 (63.2%) | 1280 (62.2%) | |
| Smoking status; n (%) | 123 (9.0%) | 107 (11.7%) | 218 (10.6%) | 0.093 |
| Hypertension; n (%) | 457 (33.3%) | 344 (37.5%) | 682 (33.1%) | 0.049 |
| Cardiac disease; n (%) | 269 (19.6%) | 143 (15.6%)* | 336 (16.3%)* | 0.016 |
| Diabetes; n (%) | 181 (13.2%) | 126 (13.7%) | 286 (13.9%) | 0.828 |
| Pulmonary disease; n (%) | 336 (24.5%) | 285 (31.1%)* | 548 (26.6%)# | 0.002 |
| Operation in the morning; n (%) | 631 (45.9%) | 407 (44.4%) | 969 (47.1%) | 0.386 |
| Surgery duration; h | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.4* | 2.3 ± 1.4# | <0.001 |
| Major surgery (≥2 h); n (%) | 568 (41.3%) | 455 (49.6%)* | 1058 (51.4%)* | <0.001 |
| Surgery type; n (%) | * | * | <0.001 | |
| Abdominal surgery | 360 (26.2%) | 177 (19.3%) | 440 (21.4%) | |
| Urological surgery | 259 (25.4%) | 262 (28.6%) | 499 (24.2%) | |
| Orthopedic surgery | 521 (34.7%) | 298 (32.5%) | 681 (33.1%) | |
| Other type surgery | 234 (27.5%) | 180 (19.6%) | 438 (21.3%) | |
| Minimally invasive surgery; n (%) | 486 (35.4%) | 317 (34.6%) | 728 (35.4) | 0.903 |
| General anesthesia; n (%) | 1025 (74.6%) | 601 (65.5%)* | 1449 (70.4%)*# | <0.001 |
| Received PCIA; n (%) | 461 (33.6%) | 385 (42.0%)* | 840 (40.8%)* | <0.001 |
| Pain NRS at 24 h after surgery | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 0.993 |
| Pain NRS at 48 h after surgery | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.288 |
| Additional analgesia requirement during 48 h after surgery; n (%) | 132 (9.6%) | 66 (7.2%) | 250 (12.1%)# | <0.001 |
| Sleep quality NRS | 4.0 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 2.1* | 3.1 ± 2.4*# | <0.001 |
| Severe sleep disturbance; n (%) | 268 (19.5%) | 61 (6.7%)* | 281 (13.7%)*# | <0.001 |
| Bradycardia; n (%) | 216 (15.7%) | 131 (14.3%) | 427 (20.7%)*# | 0.001 |
| Hypotension; n (%) | 354 (25.8%) | 259 (28.2%) | 650 (31.6%)* | <0.001 |
| Independently off-bed activity at 48 h after surgery; n (%) | 205 (14.9%) | 154 (16.8%) | 317 (15.4%) | 0.465 |
| Hospital stay; day | 7.0 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 2.5* | 6.7 ± 2.6*# | <0.001 |
BMI, body max index; ASA, American society of anesthesiologists; NRS, number rating scale; PCIA, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia.
*
P < 0.05, compared to Non-DEX group;
#
P < 0.05, compared to Low-DEX group.