Table 4.
Factors associated with Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight (n = 760)
| Crude Odds Ratio | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preterm Birth | ||||
| Maternal age | ||||
| Prime fertility age (20–30 years) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Teenager (15–19 years) | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.6 |
| Middle aged (> 30 years) | 1.7 | 0.02 | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 0.01 |
| Maternal BMI at trimester 1 | ||||
| Normal BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Low BMI (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 (0.4–2.4) | 0.9 |
| High BMI (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.02 |
| Obese (> 30 kg/m2) | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.01 |
| Past history of tuberculosis | 3.5 | 0.02 | 2.0 (0.6–6.6) | 0.3 |
| Past history of sexually transmitted infections | 2.6 | 0.2 | 2.7 (0.6–12.2) | 0.2 |
| Syphilis | 0.3 | 0.02 | 0.4 (0.1–0.9) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Normotensive | ||||
| Chronic | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 (0.09–6.7) | 0.8 |
| PIH | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 (0.06–4.2) | 0.5 |
| HIV positive | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 (1.0–2.2) | 0.1 |
| Current Smoker | 3.22 | 0.001 | 2.7 (1.3–5.8) | 0.01 |
| Delivery Type | ||||
| Normal delivery | 1 | 1 | ||
| Caesarian section | 1.54 | 0.03 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 0.01 |
| Low Birth Weight | ||||
| Weight gain | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| High (> 6.3 kg)a | 0.74 | 0.2 | 0.6 (0.4–1.03) | 0.07 |
| Maternal age | ||||
| Prime fertility age (20–30 years) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Teenager (15–19 years) | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 (0.9–3.1) | 0.1 |
| Middle aged (> 30 years) | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 0.07 |
| Maternal BMI at trimester 1 | ||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Low BMI (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.3 (0.5–3.3) | 0.5 |
| High BMI (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.01 |
| Obese (> 30 kg/m2) | 0.5 | 0.02 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.002 |
| Past history of sexually transmitted infections | 3.3 | 0.09 | 4.2 (1.0–18.3) | 0.06 |
| Syphilis | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Normotensive | 1 | 1 | ||
| Chronic | Not available | Not available | ||
| PIH | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 (0.1–10.6) | 0.9 |
| HIV Positive | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 (0.8–2.03) | 0.4 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | ||
| Current-smoker | 2.4 | 0.03 | 1.9 (0.8–4.3) | 0.1 |
| Delivery Type | ||||
| Normal delivery | 1 | 1 | ||
| Caesarian section | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 0.03 |
aMean weight gain across the first and third trimester for mothers during this pregnancy
- LBW (Yes = 1, No = 0), with “YES” when LBW < 2500 g
CI Confidence interval; BMI Body mass index; Ref Reference; PIH Pregnancy induced hypertension; HIV Human immunodeficiency virus; NVD Normal vaginal delivery