Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample (N = 221)
| Parameter | Patients (N = 221) | Inpatients (N = 66) | Outpatients (N = 155) |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean ± SD | |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 129 (59) | 42 (64) | 87 (56) |
| Female | 92 (41) | 24 (36) | 68 (44) |
| Age (years) | 63 ± 11.89 | 65.3 ± 10.17 | 62 ± 12.44 |
| 18–45 | 14 (6) | 3 (4) | 11 (7) |
| 46–60 | 56 (26) | 17 (26) | 39 (25) |
| > 60 | 151 (68) | 46 (70) | 105 (68) |
| BMI | 32.6 ± 6.44 | 32.4 ± 5.8 | 32.7 ± 6.7 |
| Education | |||
| Primary | 20 (9) | 11 (17) | 9 (6) |
| Secondary | 126 (57) | 39 (59) | 87 (56) |
| University | 75 (34) | 16 (24) | 59 (38) |
| Employment status | |||
| Active (employed) | 81 (37) | 18 (27) | 63 (41) |
| Inactive (unemployed/retired) | 140 (63) | 48 (73) | 92 (59) |
| Time since diagnosis | |||
| ≤ 1 year | 15 (6) | 3 (5) | 12 (8) |
| 1–3 years | 11 (5) | 4 (6) | 7 (5) |
| 3–5 years | 30 (14) | 6 (9) | 24 (15) |
| > 5 year | 165 (75) | 53 (80) | 112 (72) |
| Diabetes therapy | |||
| Medication no./day | 2.5 ± 3.1 | 2.7 ± 4.5 | 2.4 ± 2.3 |
| Units of insulin/day | 1.66 ± 1.8 | 1.65 ± 1.8 | 1.67 ± 1.8 |
| Diet needed | 177 (80) | 45 (68) | 132 (85) |
| Physical activity need | 149 (67) | 34 (51) | 115(74) |
| HbA1c value* | 7.2 ± 1.39 | 7.74 ± 1.85 | 7.02 ± 1.11 |
| MMAS-8 | 6.86 ± 1.26 | 6.6 ± 1.36 | 6.97 ± 1.2 |
| DSMQ “Sum scale”* | 7.65 ± 1.23 | 7.13 ± 1.28 | 7.85 ± 1.15 |
| Subscale “Glucose management”* | 7.9 ± 1.74 | 7.37 ± 1.76 | 8.2 ± 1.69 |
| Subscale “Dietary control” | 6.97 ± 1.65 | 6.96 ± 1.84 | 6.9 ± 1.55 |
| Subscale “Physical activity”* | 6.47 ± 2.59 | 5.9 ± 2.48 | 7.06 ± 2.58 |
| Subscale “Health-care use”* | 8.84 ± 1.68 | 7.8 ± 1.93 | 9.25 ± 1.39 |
*Significant differences between inpatient and outpatient groups (Significant differences p < 0.05; Nonsignificant differences p ≥ 0.05)