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The dependence of human leukocyte AP site formation on subject age (A, C) or urinary NNAL concentration in smokers (B, D). AP sites in non-smokers significantly increased with age (p=0.037, A). AP sites in smokers significantly increased with urinary NNAL concentration with all data (p=0.005, B) or with data excluding an outlier (NNAL 2.29 pmol/mL, AP site 4.57 per 107 nts) (p=0.045, D).
