Table 3.
Study results at post intervention; physical and cognitive outcomes
| Author, year | Functional tests | Strength tests | Physical activity | Cognition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Results | Measure | Results | Measure | Results | Measure | Results | |
| Arrieta et al [30], 2019 | SPPB, loss of ≥ 1 SPPB point (%) |
IG: 37.8% CG: 29.2% p = 0.772 |
- | - | IPAQ, median |
IG: change from 2640 to 2133 CG: change from 2280 to 2772 p = 0.856 |
Verbal fluency, 15 sec., median (IQR) |
IG: change from 6 (5-8) to 6 (5-8) CG: change from 6 (5-8) to 7 (6-8) p = 0.920 |
| SPPB score, median (IQR) |
IG: change from 10 (8-11) to 10 (7.5-12) CG: change from 10 (8-11) to 10 (9-11) p = 0.999 |
- | - | - | - | Verbal fluency, 15-60 sec., median (IQR) |
IG: change from 9 (7-11) to 9 (7-12) CG: change from 9 (6-11) to 9 (7-12) p = 0.945 |
|
| Gait speed (m/s), median |
IG: change from 0.78 to 0.91 CG: change from 0.80 to 0.92 p = 0.171 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Maréchal et al [31], 2019 | 8-foot up & go (sec.), change, mean (SE) |
IG: - 0.2 (0.3) CG: - 1.1 (0.5) NS |
Chair stand test (rep.), change, mean (SE) |
IG: 4.3 (0.9) CG: 1.0 (0.5) p = 0.01 |
SBT (min/week), change, mean (SE) |
IG, change: - 295.7 (95.4) CG, change: - 11.3 (102.7) NS |
- | - |
| Sit & reach test (cm), change, mean (SE) |
IG: 1.2 (1.6) CG: 0.8 (1.1) NS |
Arm curl test (rep.), change, mean (SE) |
IG: 2.7 (0.8) CG: 1.9 (0.7) NS |
PASE score, change, mean (SE) |
IG, change: 26.8 (34.7) CG, change: 19.2 (11.5) NS |
- | - | |
| Six-minute walk test (m), change, mean (SE) |
IG: 74.8 (19.5) CG: 63.8 (15.8) NS |
Grip strength (kg), change, mean (SE) |
IG: 5.8 (2.7) CG: - 0.6 (1.7) NS |
- | - | - | - | |
| GPCS, change, mean (SE) |
IG: 4.0 (0.2) CG: 1.5 (0.8) p = 0.047 |
Leg strength, 1RM, change, mean (SE) |
IG: 8.8 (14.2) CG: 6.0 (5.9) NS |
- | - | - | - | |
| Sajid et al [32], 2016 | SPPB, points, mean (SE) |
EXCAP: change from 8.7 (0.9) to 10.0 (0.7) CG: change from 7.8 (1.1) to 8.4 (0.9) p = 0.403 Wii: change from 9.1 (0.6) to 9.1 (0.5) CG: change from 7.8 (1.1) to 8.4 (0.9) p = 0.400 |
Chest press reps, mean (SE) |
EXCAP: change from 78.8 (9.0) to 82.9 (9.2) CG: change from 72.0 (6.1) to 73.5 (5.8) p = 0.727 Wii: change from 59.1 (3.6) to 63.8 (3.3) CG: change from 72.0 (6.1) to 73.5 (5.8) p = 0.459 |
Steps, mean (SE) |
EXCAP: change from 3593.9 (864.5) to 5544.3 (1258.8) CG: change from 2625.7 (721.7) to 2242.3 (694.1) p = 0.019 Wii: change from 2999.9 (770.1) to 4223.7 (893.6) CG: change from 2625.7 (721.7) to 2242.3 (694.1) p = 0.051 |
- | - |
| - | - | Handgrip strength, mean (SE) |
EXCAP: change from 33.8 (3.4) to 35.5 (4.0) CG: change from 34.7 (2.2) to 34.2 (1.3) p = 0.447 Wii: change from 29.1 (1.8) to 30.7 (2.3) CG: change from 34.7 (2.2) to 34.2 (1.3) p = 0.285 |
- | - | - | - | |
| Miki et al [33], 2014 | ADL; Barthel Index, mean (SE) |
IG: change from 100.00 (0.00) to 100.00 (0.00) CG: change from 99.75 (0.25) to 99.75 (0.25) p = 0.333 |
- | - | - | - |
Frontal Assessment Battery, mean (SE) |
IG: change from 15.00 (0.26) to 16.61 (0.22) CG: change from 14.50 (0.30) to 14.95 (0.36) p = 0.003 |
| IADL; Lawton & Brody, mean (SE) |
IG: change from 9.55 (0.18) to 9.74 (0.13) CG: change from 9.15 (0.24) to 9.28 (0.22) p = 0.097 |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
Abbreviations: ADL activities of daily living, CG control group, GPCS Global Physical Capacity Score, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, IG intervention group, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IQR interquartile range, m meters, m/s meters per second, min/week minutes per week, NS no significant difference, PASE Physical Activity, Rep. repetitions, RM repetition maximum, SE standard error, sec. seconds, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, SBT sedentary behavior time