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. 2020 Oct 20;89:107088. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088

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Published by Elsevier B.V.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 1 — mRNA expression level of TNF-α, IL-18, IL-6, and IL-1β in activated PBMCs isolated from COVID-19 patients and healthy control group. The results showed an upregulation of the mRNA expression of all four inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy control group (P < 0.0001 for IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 and P = 0.0001 for TNF-α). (Control group number = 40, COVID-19 group number = 40). Evaluation of mRNA expression level was done using Real-time PCR technique. Unpaired T test was used for statistical analysis and a P < 0.05 was considered as the statistically significant level.