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. 2020 Oct 20;89:107088. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088

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Published by Elsevier B.V.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 4 — Cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 in COVID-19 patients and healthy control group in the supernatant of PBMCs culture. The results showed that the levels of inflammatory cytokine were significantly increased in supernatant of PBMCs culture from COVID-19 patients compared to the control group (P < 0.0001 for IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, P = 0.0001 for IL-18; Control group number = 40, COVID-19 group number = 40). Evaluation of cytokine secretion level was done by ELISA. Unpaired T test was used for statistical analysis and a P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.