Fig. 6.

Cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 in the Nano curcumin‐treated COVID-19 patients and placebo group in supernatant of PBMCs culture. Analysis indicated that the secretion level of each cytokine was increased after intervention (P = 0.0041, 0.0001, 0.0013 and 0.0045, respectively, for IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18). (Nano-curcumin group number = 20, placebo group number = 20). Evaluation of cytokine secretion level was done by ELISA. Paired T test was used for statistical analysis and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.