TABLE 1.

TCM or active ingredients treatment for malignant tumours

Function	TCM or active ingredients	Classification	Cell Models	Animals Models	Target/Mechanism	Reference
Inhibition of telomerase activity	6‐paradol, 6‐shogaol	Phenolic	A549	Wistar rats	Telomerase activity↓ hTERT expression↓	17
	Pterostilbene	Polyphenols	H460, H1299	/	Telomerase activity↓ hTERT expression↓	20
	Triptolide	Terpenoids	HepG2	BALB/C nude mice	Regulate the AKT and hTERT signalling pathways	28
	Tianshengyuan‐1	/	HL60, CD34+	/	Telomerase activity↓	40
	Baicalein, baicalin	Phenolic flavonoids	HCT116, SW480, HT29, HFF	NSG immunodeficient mice	Regulate MAPK ERK and p38 signalling pathways	25
	Paclitaxel	Terpenoids alkaloids	MEFs	mTREC‐/‐p53‐/‐mice	Telomere dysfunction↓	32
	Papaverine	Alkaloids	HepG2	/	Telomerase activity↓ hTERT mRNA↓	35
Induce DNA damage	Harmine	Alkaloids	MCF‐7	/	hTERT mRNA↓	37
	Icaritin	Flavonoids	HepG2, Huh7	/	ROS↑, DDR↑	45
	Berberine	Alkaloids	A549, HL60, BJ, Siha	/	DDR↑	48
	Hinokitiol	Monoterpenes	A549, H1975, H1299, H3255	NOD‐SCID mice	p53‐independent, DDR↑	50
	Curcumin	Polyphenols	HCT116, MCF7, VSMCs	/	DDR↑	57
	Acetyl‐11‐keto‐b‐boswellic acid (AKBA)	Pentacyclic triterpenoid acid	HepG2, SMMC7721	BALB/C nude mice	DDR↑	53
Oncogene‐induced senescence	Gallotannin	Tannic acid	HCT116	/	ROS↑, DDR↑	55
	Bufalin	Steroid diene	DU145, PC‐3, LNCaP	NSG SCID mice	p53‐dependent	65
	Baicalin	Flavonoids	HCT116, SW480, A549, Panc‐1	BALB/c nude mice	Regulate Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and p16/Rb signalling pathways	67
SASP	Avenanthramide A	Alkaloids	HEK293T, HCT8, HCT116	C57BL/6J mice	Regulate miR‐129‐3p/Pirh2/p53 signalling pathway	70
	Punicalagin	Polyphenols	BCPAP	/	Regulate NF‐κB signalling pathway	78
	Marchantin C	Bisbibenzyls	A549, H460, H446, H1688	C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c nude mice	p21‐dependent; Regulate NF‐κB signalling pathway	81
Others	1, 8‐cineole	Monoterpenes	HepG2	/	ROS↑	82
	Artemisinin	Terpenoids	A549, NCI‐H1299	/	/	84
	Gypenoside L	Saponins	HepG2, ECA‐109	/	Regulate p38 and ERK MAPK and NF‐ κB pathways	85
	Magnolin	Lignans	TOV‐112D, SKOV3, AsPC‐1, BxPC3, Capan1, Capan2, MIA PaCa‐2, SW480, HCT116, HT‐29, COLO205, MCF7, MDA‐MB‐231, SKBR3, BT‐474	Athymic nude mice	Inhibit the ERKs/RSK2 signalling pathway	86