Table 1. Characteristics according to diabetes mellitus status.
| Total | No diabetes mellitus | Pre- and diabetes mellitus | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (male/female) | 970 (643/327) | 849 (541/308) | 121 (102/19) |
| Age (years) | 53 (47–62) | 53 (46–60) | 63 (55–68) |
| Height (cm) | 166.8 (160.6–172.4) | 166.5 (160.4–172.5) | 169.0 (162.5–172.1) |
| Body weight (kg) | 62.7 (55.4–71.0) | 62.2 (54.8–70.2) | 66.6 (59.6–75.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 (20.7–24.6) | 22.4 (20.6–24.4) | 23.6 (21.9–26.1) |
| % body fat (%) | 22.5 (18.9–26.8) | 22.7 (18.8–26.9) | 21.8 (19.2–25.6) |
| FFM (kg) | 50.0 (41.1–55.9) | 49.5 (40.5–55.5) | 52.2 (47.0–59.0) |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 69.4 (43.6–101.0) | 65.6 (41.8–94.8) | 99.5 (69.6–133.2) |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 127.7 (91.4–170.4) | 125.9 (90.7–170.2) | 132.4 (95.1–171.4) |
| VO2peak/BW (mL/kg BW/min) | 27.9 (24.4–32.2) | 28.4 (24.6–32.5) | 25.8 (22.2–29.2) |
| VO2peak/FFM (mL/kg FFM/min) | 36.2 (32.3–41.0) | 36.6 (32.7–41.4) | 33.9 (29.3–37.2) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 125.5 (113.0–138.0) | 124.5 (112.5–136.0) | 135.0 (123.3–148.3) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.5 (72.0–88.0) | 79.0 (72.0–87.5) | 83.0 (74.5–92.5) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 352 (36.3) | 277 (32.6) | 75 (62.0) |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 93 (88–100) | 92 (87–97) | 115 (110–125) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (5.2–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 6.1 (5.8–6.5) |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 5.0 (3.6–7.6) | 4.9 (3.5–7.3) | 6.4 (4.1–9.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 48 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (39.7) |
| Pre- diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 73 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 73 (60.3) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 79 (57–116) | 76 (56–113) | 97 (66–141) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 208 (187–234) | 208 (186–233) | 209 (191–238) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121 (100–141) | 121 (100–141) | 121 (107–146) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 65 (54–76) | 66 (55–76) | 57 (47–70) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 396 (40.8) | 330 (38.9) | 66 (54.5) |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,907 (1,612–2,306) | 1,899 (1,603–2,293) | 2,027 (1,700–2,368) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 8.3 (0.6–25.2) | 7.5 (0.5–24.1) | 15.1 (1.4–31.1) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 63 (6.5) | 49 (5.8) | 14 (11.6) |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 360 (37.1) | 298 (35.1) | 62 (51.2) |
| Never smoker, n (%) | 547 (56.4) | 502 (59.1) | 45 (37.2) |
| Menstruating women, n (%) | 171 (17.6) | 166 (19.6) | 5 (4.1) |
BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat free mass; BW, body weight; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
Values are presented as median values (interquartile range) or numbers (%).