Table 3.
Partially and fully adjusted logistic regression analysis of the odds of being Read coded for CKD in an adult population with biochemical CKD stage 3–5
| Variable | Partially adjusteda OR (95% CI) | Fully adjustedb OR (95% CI2) | Fully adjustedbP-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, years | |||
| <50 | ref | ref | |
| 50–59 | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.97) | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.57) | 0.04 |
| 60–69 | 3.05 (2.55 to 3.65) | 1.86 (1.50 to 2.30) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 5.52 (4.66 to 6.53) | 2.89 (2.36 to 3.56) | <0.001 |
| 80–89 | 7.76 (6.53 to 9.24) | 3.88 (3.13 to 4.81) | <0.001 |
| ≥90 | 7.00 (5.54 to 8.84) | 4.06 (3.04 to 5.43) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Sex | |||
| Female | ref | ref | |
| Male | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.07) | 0.54 |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | ref | ref | |
| Black African | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.76) | 0.56 (0.48 to 0.66) | <0.001 |
| Black Caribbean | 0.71 (0.63 to 0.79) | 0.61 (0.54 to 0.70) | <0.001 |
| South Asian | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.20) | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.99) | 0.04 |
| Chinese | 0.97 (0.58 to 1.64) | 0.81 (0.46 to 1.42) | 0.46 |
| Other | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.29) | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.17) | 0.29 |
| Non-stated | 0.57 (0.42 to 0.77) | 0.58 (0.41 to 0.81) | 0.001 |
|
| |||
| IMD quintile | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | ref | ref | |
| 2 | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.00) | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.97) | 0.02 |
| 3 | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.92) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.89) | 0.001 |
| 4 | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.89) | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.92) | 0.002 |
| 5 (most deprived) | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.89) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.89) | 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Comorbidity history | |||
| Hypertension | 2.40 (2.17 to 2.65) | 1.43 (1.25 to 1.64) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.59 (1.44 to 1.75) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) | 0.21 |
| Stroke | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.44) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) | 0.46 |
| Serious mental illness | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.29) | 1.26 (1.00 to 1.64) | 0.05 |
| Heart failure | 2.00 (1.70 to 2.36) | 1.34 (1.11 to 1.62) | <0.001 |
| CHD | 1.67 (1.47 to 1.89) | 1.09 (0.94 to 1.26) | 0.27 |
|
| |||
| Quality-of-care factor | |||
| Statin prescribed | 2.03 (1.85 to 2.23) | 1.38 (1.23 to 1.55) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB prescribed | 3.16 (2.88 to 3.47) | 2.24 (1.97 to 2.54) | <0.001 |
| NSAID prescribed | 0.80 (0.72 to 0.89) | 0.79 (0.71 to 0.89) | <0.001 |
| BMI >25 kg/m2 | 1.28 (1.15 to 1.41) | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.20) | 0.26 |
| Current smoker | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.15) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 0.71 |
a
Adjusted for age and sex.
b
Adjusted for all covariates in the table. ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker. BMI = body mass index. BP = blood pressure. CHD = coronary heart disease. CKD = chronic kidney disease. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. OR = odds ratio.