TABLE 1.
Glucose metabolism and tumor immunity.
| Molecules/drugs | Status | Major effects | Pathway | Tumor types | Type of Immune cells | References |
| PD-L1 | Up | Promote tumor cell glycolysis impede T cell glycolysis and IFN-γ production | AKT/MTOR pathway | Ovarian cancer | T cells | (25) |
| STAT3 Wnt-β-catenin | Down | Improve long-term survival and anti-tumor activity of T cell | Reduce glycolysis, increase fatty acid oxidation | – | T cells | (88, 89) |
| HIF | Up | T cell dysfunction | Increase glucose transporter expression, and mTOR activation | – | T cells | (90) |
| GAPD | Up | T cell dysfunction | Block translation of IFN-γ from mRNA | – | T cells | (91) |
| Foxp3 | Up | TCR-stimulated T cells preferentially differentiate into Tregs | Reduce the expression of Myc, leading to reduced glycolysis and increased oxidative phosphorylation | – | T cells | (92) |
| CTLA-4 | Up | Preventing activation and differentiation of naïve CTLs | CTLA-4 competes for the same ligands as CD28 | – | T cells | (93) |
| Oxamate | – | Arrest the growth of tumor cells | Inhibit LDH production | – | T cells | (94) |
| AMPK | – | Protect CTLs from apoptosis and promote effector functions | Down-regulate glycolytic gene expression | Colon cancer | T cells | (95) |
| PD-1 TIM3 | Up | T cell dysfunction | Defective Akt/mTORC1 signaling, reduced expression of Glut1 and hexokinase 2, and decreased glucose metabolism | B cell leukemia | T cells | (21) |
| IRE1α-XBP1 | Up | Decrease the ability of T cells to infiltrate tumor tissues and reduce the expression of IFNG mRNA | Inhibit activity of mitochondrial | Ovarian cancer | T cells | (58) |
| miR-143 | Up | Inhibit T cell glucose uptake and glycolysis | Glut-1 | Esophageal cancer | T cells | (24) |
| miR-101 miR-26a | Up | Restrict glucose uptake by T cells | Notch | Ovarian cancer | T cells | (25) |
| ROS | – | Disrupt the function of T cells | Oxidized mitochondrial fatty acid | – | T cells | (26) |
| STAT1 | Down | CD 8 T cells are not sensitive to tumor recognition | Down-regulation of MHC I antigen presentation | – | CD8+ T cells | (29) |
| PD-L1 | Block | Increase the presence and function of tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells | Glucose metabolism of strong CD8 T cells | – | CD8+ T cells | (22) |
| Lactic acid | Up | Inhibition of T cell proliferation and activation | Increased expression of ARG1 in macrophages | – | T cells | (17) |
| ERK5 MHC I | Down | Helps tumor cells escape immune surveillance of CTL | Promote glycolysis of tumor cells | – | T cells | (30) |
| PD-L1 ITGB4 | – | Inhibit T cell | AKT/GSK3β | Cervical cancer | T cells | (20) |
| TIGIT | Up | Limiting glucose uptake by CD8 T cells | CD155 binds TIGIT receptor | Gastric cancer | CD8 + T cells | (27) |
| Pck1 | Down | Tm formation obstacle | Reduced GSH/GSSG ratio in Tm | – | Tm cells | (31) |
| TLR8 | – | Reverse Treg inhibition | Selective inhibition of glucose uptake and glycolysis in Treg | – | Tregs | (28) |