FIGURE 7.

Proposed model outlining a role of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) and Nod‐like receptor (NLR) pathways and necroptosis in pulmonary vascular remodelling. RIPK3‐mediated necroptosis triggered the exposure of intracellular and extracellular damage‐associated molecular patterns and subsequent activation of TLR and NLR pathways. The activated TLR and NLR pathways were responsible for up‐regulation of inflammatory and immune profiling. The up‐regulated inflammatory mediators lead to inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary vascular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension