Table 1.
A list of clinical cohort researches of sTRAIL or TRAIL mRNA as well as other relative factors as biomarkers in CNS non‐neoplastic diseases
| Disease | Patients | sTRAIL changes | TRAIL mRNA changes | Main findings | Remark | Year/Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICS | 95 first‐ever patients and 95 HC | Lower levels at the onset; ↑ later periods | ↑ at the onset; ↓in later periods | Reliable predictor of stroke outcome | / | 2018/ 62 |
| 293 patients | (‐) NIHSS score and stroke volume within 7 days of onset | / | Associated with ICS severity | (∓) stroke subtypes | 2015/ 61 | |
| SCI | 22 chronic SCI and 19 HC | Detectable levels during chronic SCI | / | Potential biomarker or treatment site | Supplement for MIF as a biomarker | 2013/ 124 |
| TBI | 10 mild and 10 severe TBI patients and 10 controls | ↑↑ within the first hour of TBI | / | Able to discriminate between TBI and HC at < 1 h | Cooperate with AXIN1 as biomarkers | 2017/ 70 |
| AD | 103 older individuals with memory concerns without cognitive impairment | (+) annual rate of change in episodic and working memory | / | Bone‐related biomarkers may predict worsening cognition | Dkk1 (+) semantic memory; Dkk1 (‐) working memory | 2018/ 125 |
| 22 AD patients and 20 HC | (‐) MMSE scores in AD patients; (∓) AD and HC | (∓) in the PBMCs of AD and HC | Down‐regulate the peripheral immune response in the late stages | no TRAIL protein in the CSF samples | 2009/ 94 | |
| MS | 53 MS patients and 25 HC | Lower in MS patients | (∓) MS patients | Apoptosis of T cells ↓ in MS patients | 2014/ 126 | |
| 92 untreated MS patients and 38 HC | ↓↓during relapses of RRMS | / | Participate in the pathogenesis of MS | sFas, sFasL and sTRAIL (∓) MS patients and HC | 2013/ 118 | |
| 35 RRMS patients and 19 HC | ↑ during IFN‐β treatment | / | Indicating the response to IFN‐β therapy at individual level | ↓ surface TRAIL expression on lymphocytes | 2011/ 127 | |
| 26 HC and 21 SPMS, 70 RRMS | ↑in relapse of untreated MS patients; ↑in remission of IFN‐β–treated patients | ↑in remission of IFN‐β treated patients | Association with MS disease activity; Reflecting bioactivity of IFN‐β | / | 2008/ 128 | |
| 15 HC and 15 untreated RRMS, 9 glatiramer acetate‐treated and 37 IFN‐β–treated RRMS patients | Related to subjective flu‐like symptoms observed | / | Unable to predict the therapeutic response in long‐term IFN‐β–treated patients | / | 2007/ 129 | |
| 30 HC and 73 RRMS patients | / | 22% abrogation of TRAIL expression after long‐term INF‐β treatment | MxA as an appropriate biomarker for IFN‐β | MxA expression was higher than both TRAIL and XAF‐1 | 2006/ 130 | |
| 82 MS patients | Before treatment, initial, sustained ↑ with better INF‐β treatment response | / | Prognostic marker of treatment response to INF‐β | / | 2003/ 110 | |
| 19 MS patients and 14 controls during late pregnancy and post‐partum | ↑ from late pregnancy to post‐partum situation in both MS patients and controls | / | TRAIL may increase the risk of relapses in MS post‐partum | / | 2010/ 131 |
Abbreviation: (‐), inversely correlate with; (+), positively correlate with; (∓), no significant differences between; ↑, up‐regulate; ↓, down‐regulate; AD, Alzheimer disease; AXIN1, axis inhibition protein 1; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Dkk1, Dickkopf WNT signalling pathway inhibitor 1; HC, health control; ICS, ischaemic cerebral stroke; MIF, migration inhibitory factor; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; MS, multiple sclerosis; MxA, myxovirus resistance protein A; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RRMS, relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis; SCI, spinal cord injury; SPMS, secondary progressive MS; TBI, traumatic brain injury; XAF‐1, X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis factor‐1.