Table 2.
Cross-sectional associations, geometric mean (95% CI), between rest-activity rhythm characteristics and metabolic markers
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | Fasting insulin, pmol/L | HOMA-IR | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
| Overall | No medicationc | Overall | No medicationc | Overall | No medicationc | ||||
| Amplitude | |||||||||
| Q1 | 5.56 (5.47, 5.66)** | 5.55 (5.46, 5.65)** | 5.59 (5.50, 5.67) | 92.67 (88.01, 97.58)*** | 91.56 (86.98, 96.38)*** | 89.52 (84.88, 94.42)*** | 3.82 (3.61, 4.05)*** | 3.77 (3.56, 4.00)*** | 3.60 (3.39, 3.82)*** |
| Q2 | 5.44 (5.35, 5.53) | 5.45 (5.36, 5.54) | 5.5 (5.42, 5.59) | 87.35 (83.07, 91.84)*** | 87.46 (83.22, 91.91)*** | 85.88 (81.58, 90.41)*** | 3.53 (3.33, 3.73)*** | 3.54 (3.34, 3.74)*** | 3.40 (3.21, 3.60)** |
| Q3 | 5.42 (5.33, 5.51) | 5.43 (5.34, 5.52) | 5.51 (5.42, 5.59) | 81.17 (77.20, 85.34) | 80.50 (76.60, 84.59) | 79.67 (75.71, 83.84) | 3.26 (3.08, 3.46) | 3.24 (3.07, 3.43) | 3.16 (2.98, 3.34) |
| Q4 (ref) | 5.42 (5.36, 5.48) | 5.42 (5.36, 5.48) | 5.34 (5.28, 5.39) | 79.08 (76.28, 81.98) | 79.08 (76.28, 81.98) | 78.58 (75.70, 81.58) | 3.18 (3.05, 3.31) | 3.18 (3.05, 3.31) | 3.11 (2.98, 3.24) |
| Ptrend | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.09 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Mesor | |||||||||
| Q1 | 5.50 (5.40, 5.59) | 5.52 (5.43, 5.62) | 5.39 (5.30, 5.47) | 88.83 (84.40, 93.50)*** | 88.50 (84.12, 93.12)*** | 86.61 (82.16, 91.31)** | 3.62 (3.41, 3.83)*** | 3.62 (3.42, 3.84)*** | 3.46 (3.26, 3.67)** |
| Q2 | 5.41 (5.32, 5.50) | 5.43 (5.35, 5.53) | 5.34 (5.26, 5.42) | 85.80 (81.59, 90.22)* | 86.02 (81.85, 90.39)** | 85.20 (80.95, 89.69)** | 3.44 (3.25, 3.64)* | 3.46 (3.27, 3.66)* | 3.37 (3.19, 3.57)* |
| Q3 | 5.44 (5.35, 5.54) | 5.45 (5.36, 5.54) | 5.37 (5.29, 5.45) | 82.16 (78.13, 86.40) | 81.48 (77.54, 85.63) | 80.52 (76.51, 84.75) | 3.31 (3.13, 3.51) | 3.29 (3.11, 3.48) | 3.21 (3.03, 3.40) |
| Q4 (ref) | 5.44 (5.38, 5.51) | 5.44 (5.38, 5.51) | 5.34 (5.29, 5.40) | 80.41 (77.58, 83.34) | 80.41 (77.58, 83.34) | 79.56 (76.65, 82.57) | 3.24 (3.12, 3.38) | 3.24 (3.12, 3.38) | 3.15 (3.03, 3.28) |
| Ptrend | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.42 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| Amplitude-to- mesor ratio | |||||||||
| Q1 | 5.54 (5.45, 5.64)* | 5.51 (5.41, 5.60) | 5.41 (5.32, 5.49) | 91.16 (86.57, 95.98)*** | 90.83 (86.30, 95.59)*** | 88.37 (83.80, 93.19)*** | 3.75 (3.54, 3.98)*** | 3.71 (3.51, 3.94)*** | 3.54 (3.34, 3.75)*** |
| Q2 | 5.45 (5.36, 5.55) | 5.45 (5.36, 5.54) | 5.36 (5.27, 5.44) | 85.48 (81.27, 89.90)* | 85.84 (81.67, 90.21)** | 84.73 (80.48, 89.21)* | 3.46 (3.27, 3.67)* | 3.47 (3.28, 3.68)* | 3.36 (3.18, 3.56)* |
| Q3 | 5.36 (5.27, 5.45) | 5.38 (5.29, 5.47) | 5.29 (5.21, 5.37) | 81.59 (77.60, 85.79) | 82.80 (78.80, 87.00) | 81.72 (77.65, 86.00) | 3.25 (3.07, 3.44) | 3.31 (3.13, 3.50) | 3.20 (3.03, 3.39) |
| Q4 (ref) | 5.44 (5.38, 5.51) | 5.44 (5.38, 5.51) | 5.35 (5.29, 5.40) | 80.18 (77.38, 83.07) | 80.18 (77.38, 83.07) | 79.47 (76.58, 82.46) | 3.24 (3.11, 3.37) | 3.24 (3.11, 3.37) | 3.15 (3.03, 3.28) |
| Ptrend | 0.009 | 0.09 | 0.11 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Pseudo-F | |||||||||
| Q1 | 5.55 (5.45, 5.64)* | 5.52 (5.43, 5.62) | 5.41 (5.32, 5.49) | 91.33 (86.75, 96.15)*** | 90.26 (85.74, 95.02)*** | 88.23 (83.64, 93.07)*** | 3.76 (3.55, 3.99)*** | 3.71 (3.50, 3.93)*** | 3.54 (3.33, 3.76)*** |
| Q2 | 5.43 (5.34, 5.52) | 5.43 (5.34, 5.52) | 5.34 (5.26, 5.43) | 86.34 (82.10, 90.81)** | 85.78 (81.59, 90.20)** | 84.36 (80.10, 88.83)* | 3.48 (3.29, 3.69)** | 3.46 (3.27, 3.66** | 3.34 (3.16, 3.54)* |
| Q3 | 5.38 (5.29, 5.47) | 5.38 (5.29, 5.47) | 5.31 (5.23, 5.39) | 81.22 (77.26, 85.38) | 81.57 (77.63, 85.71) | 80.38 (76.37, 84.59) | 3.25 (3.07, 3.44) | 3.26 (3.08, 3.45) | 3.17 (2.99, 3.35) |
| Q4 (ref) | 5.44 (5.38, 5.51) | 5.44 (5.38, 5.51) | 5.34 (5.28, 5.40) | 79.41 (76.62, 82.30) | 79.41 (76.62, 82.30) | 79.01 (76.11, 82.01) | 3.21 (3.08, 3.34) | 3.21 (3.08, 3.34) | 3.13 (3.00, 3.26) |
| Ptrend | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Acrophased | |||||||||
| Early | 5.53 (5.43, 5.63) | 5.47 (5.37, 5.56) | 5.32 (5.24, 5.41) | 92.32 (87.66, 97.24) | 90.43 (85.87, 95.22) | 87.87 (83.31, 92.68) | 3.78 (3.57, 4.01) | 3.67 (3.46, 3.89) | 3.48 (3.28, 3.69) |
| Normal (ref) | 5.50 (5.40, 5.60) | 5.50 (5.40, 5.60) | 5.37 (5.28, 5.46) | 87.78 (83.64, 92.12) | 87.78 (83.64, 92.12) | 86.45 (82.17, 90.95) | 3.58 (3.39, 3.78) | 3.58 (3.39, 3.78) | 3.44 (3.25, 3.64) |
| Late | 5.58 (5.28, 5.91) | 5.58 (5.28, 5.91) | 5.37 (5.28, 5.46) | 94.13 (89.15, 99.39)* | 92.23 (87.36, 97.38) | 90.89 (85.85, 96.21) | 3.89 (3.65, 4.13) | 3.79 (3.57, 4.04) | 3.63 (3.41, 3.87) |
| Ptrend | 0.57 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.41 |
ref, reference.
a
Models were adjusted for age alone.
b
Models were adjusted for age, study site, education, marital status, race, smoking, alcohol, healthy diet score, and season of data collection.
c
Excluded 178 people who reported using hypoglycemic medications or insulin at baseline.
d
Acrophase was categorized as early (mean − 1 SD, before 1304 h), normal (mean ± 1 SD, between 1304 and 1529 h), and late (mean + 1 SD, after 1529 h).
*
P value <0.05,
**
P value <0.01,
***
P value <0.001.