Table 4.
Prospective associations between rest-activity rhythm characteristics and changes in metabolic markers between baseline (2003–2005) and follow-up (2007–2009)a
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | Fasting Insulin, pmol/L | HOMA-IR | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted mean (SD) | β (95% CI)a | Unadjusted mean (SD) | β (95% CI)a | Unadjusted mean (SD) | β (95% CI)a | ||||
| Overall | No medicationb | Overall | No medicationb | Overall | No medicationb | ||||
| Amplitude | |||||||||
| Q1 | −0.01 (0.60) | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.14) | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.15) | 4.26 (31.02) | −0.66 (−6.66, 5.34) | −0.18 (−6.42, 6.06) | 0.17 (1.50) | 0.03 (−0.25, 0.31) | 0.06 (−0.23, 0.34) |
| Q2 | 0.03 (0.58) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) | 8.04 (32.46) | 1.26 (−4.38, 6.96) | 0.72 (−5.10, 6.54) | 0.36 (1.49) | 0.12 (−0.14, 0.38) | 0.10 (−0.17, 0.36) |
| Q3 | −0.02 (0.62) | 0 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0 (−0.09, 0.10) | 5.52 (29.88) | −1.02 (−6.48, 4.44) | 0.12 (−5.52, 5.76) | 0.19 (1.36) | −0.04 (−0.29, 0.22) | 0.007(−0.25, 0.26) |
| Q4 | −0.02 (0.56) | ref | ref | 7.32 (30.48) | ref | ref | 0.26 (1.43) | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.55 | 0.53 | |||
| Mesor | |||||||||
| Q1 | −0.02 (0.61) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.11) | 0.06 (−0.05, 0.16) | 7.92 (32.22) | 2.22 (−3.66, 8.10) | 2.52 (−3.60, 8.58) | 0.32 (1.52) | 0.14 (−0.13, 0.42) | 0.20 (−0.08, 0.48) |
| Q2 | 0.02 (0.63) | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.15) | 6.84 (32.4) | −0.48 (−6.06, 5.16) | −1.02 (−6.78, 4.80) | 0.30 (1.52) | 0.05 (−0.21, 0.31) | 0.04 (−0.23, 0.30) |
| Q3 | −0.01 (0.53) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.08) | 4.08 (28.5) | −2.82 (−8.34, 2.76) | −2.88 (−8.58, 2.82) | 0.14 (1.26) | −0.09 (−0.35, 0.16) | −0.11 (−0.37, 0.15) |
| Q4 | −0.02 (0.59) | ref | ref | 6.84 (30.72) | ref | ref | 0.23 (1.46) | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.10 | |||
| Amplitude-to-mesor ratio | |||||||||
| Q1 | 0 (0.61) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.20) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) | 2.82 (33.12) | −5.94 (−11.82, −0.06) | −5.28 (−11.34, 0.84) | 0.11 (1.60) | −0.18 (−0.46, 0.09) | −0.17 (−0.45, 0.11) |
| Q2 | −0.04 (0.58) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.12) | 3.78 (27.96) | −5.04 (−10.68, 0.60) | −5.22 (−11.04, 0.54) | 0.13 (1.28) | −0.18 (−0.44, 0.09) | −0.20 (−0.46, 0.07) |
| Q3 | 0.04 (0.58) | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.19) | 0.09 (0, 0.18) | 7.44 (31.74) | −2.34 (−7.74, 3.06) | −1.92 (−7.50, 3.60) | 0.33 (1.50) | −0.01 (−0.27, 0.24) | 0.002 (−0.25, 0.26) |
| Q4 | −0.04 (0.59) | ref | ref | 10.26 (30.48) | ref | ref | 0.38 (1.36) | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.29 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.11 | |||
| Pseudo-F | |||||||||
| Q1 | 0.05 (0.64) | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.18) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.17) | 7.56 (34.8) | 3.36 (−2.52, 9.18) | 3.54 (−2.52, 9.60) | 0.34 (1.65) | 0.20 (−0.07, 0.47) | 0.23 (−0.04, 0.51) |
| Q2 | −0.05 (0.57) | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.07) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.05) | 6.6 (29.58) | 1.74 (−3.90, 7.44) | 0.96 (−4.86, 6.78) | 0.25 (1.37) | 0.08 (−0.18, 0.35) | 0.04 (−0.22, 0.31) |
| Q3 | −0.04 (0.57) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.06) | 5.4 (31.32) | −1.32 (−6.84, 4.20) | −1.32 (−6.96, 4.38) | 0.18 (1.41) | −0.07 (−0.33, 0.19) | −0.07 (−0.33, 0.19) |
| Q4 | 0.01 (0.59) | ref | ref | 6.06 (28.32) | ref | ref | 0.23 (1.34) | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |||
| Acrophaseb | |||||||||
| Early | 0.07 (0.63) | 0.11 (0, 0.23)* | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.20) | 8.46 (36) | 2.70 (−3.24, 8.64) | 2.82 (−3.30, 9.00) | 0.37 (1.67) | 0.17 (−0.11, 0.45) | 0.16 (−0.12, 0.44) |
| Normal | −0.03 (0.57) | ref | ref | 6.24 (30.24) | ref | ref | 0.23 (1.41) | ref | ref |
| Late | 0.02 (0.65) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.19) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.19) | 4.8 (28.92) | 1.26 (−4.86, 7.44) | 1.14 (−5.28, 7.62) | 0.23 (1.38) | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.41) | 0.13 (−0.17, 0.42) |
| Ptrend | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 0.81 | |||
ref, reference.
a
Models were adjusted for age, study site, education, marital status, race, smoking, alcohol, healthy diet score, and season of data collection.
b
Excluded 110 people who reported using hypoglycemic medications or insulin either at baseline or follow-up visit.
c
Acrophase was categorized as early (mean − 1 SD, before 1304 h), normal (mean ± 1 SD, between 1304 and 1529 h), and late (mean + 1 SD, after 1529 h).
*
P value <0.05.