Table 5.
Prospective associations between rest-activity rhythm characteristics and incident type 2 diabetes among subjects without diabetes at baselinea
| n (%) with diabetesa | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | ||
| Amplitude | ||||
| Q1 | 16 (8.9) | 3.58 (1.42, 9.03)* | 3.81 (1.45, 10.00)** | 2.90 (1.08, 7.78)* |
| Q2 | 16 (7.6) | 2.87 (1.15, 7.16)* | 3.33 (1.28, 8.64)* | 2.78 (1.05, 7.30)* |
| Q3 | 9 (3.8) | 1.31 (0.48, 3.59) | 1.40 (0.50, 3.93) | 1.25 (0.44, 3.57) |
| Q4 | 7 (3.0) | ref | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 | |
| Mesor | ||||
| Q1 | 15 (7.8) | 2.41 (0.99, 5.87) | 2.29 (0.91, 5.81) | 1.92 (0.74, 4.97) |
| Q2 | 14 (6.4) | 1.85 (0.76, 4.50) | 2.14 (0.84, 5.47) | 1.80 (0.69, 4.71) |
| Q3 | 11 (4.8) | 1.33 (0.52, 3.36) | 1.35 (0.52, 3.52) | 1.34 (0.50, 3.59) |
| Q4 | 8 (3.7) | ref | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.15 | |
| Amplitude-to-mesor ratio | ||||
| Q1 | 15 (8.3) | 2.63 (1.09, 6.39)* | 2.79 (1.10, 7.07)* | 2.33 (0.89, 6.05) |
| Q2 | 12 (5.8) | 1.80 (0.72, 4.50) | 1.83 (0.71, 4.68) | 1.98 (0.75, 5.20) |
| Q3 | 13 (5.3) | 1.57 (0.64, 2.85) | 1.62 (0.64, 4.10) | 1.55 (0.60, 4.00) |
| Q4 | 8 (3.5) | ref | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | |
| Pseudo-F | ||||
| Q1 | 18 (8.9) | 3.41 (1.38, 8.43) | 3.49 (1.34, 9.10)* | 2.69 (1.01, 7.17)* |
| Q2 | 13 (6.3) | 2.25 (0.88, 5.77) | 2.29 (0.86, 6.11) | 1.98 (0.73, 5.33) |
| Q3 | 10 (4.4) | 1.48 (0.55, 3.97) | 1.53 (0.55, 4.21) | 1.30 (0.46, 3.65) |
| Q4 | 7 (3.1) | ref | ref | ref |
| Ptrend | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.03 | |
| Acrophasee | ||||
| Early | 5 (4.4) | 0.86 (0.33, 2.26) | 0.90 (0.32, 2.50) | 0.84 (0.29, 2.40) |
| Normal | 32 (5.1) | ref | ref | ref |
| Late | 11 (9.6) | 2.11 (1.02, 4.37)* | 2.44 (1.09, 5.47)* | 2.37 (1.04, 5.42) |
| Ptrend | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | |
a
Represents % of participants in the quartile or category of the rest-activity rhythm characteristic who developed diabetes over follow-up.
b
Models were adjusted for age alone.
c
Models were adjusted for age, study site, education, marital status, race, smoking, alcohol, healthy diet score, and season of data collection.
d
Models were adjusted for variables in model 2 and baseline HOMA-IR.
e
Acrophase was categorized as early (mean − 1 SD, before 1304 h), normal (mean ± 1 SD, between 1304 and 1529 h), and late (mean + 1 SD, after 1529 h).
*
P value <0.05,
**
P value <0.01.