Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Baseline characteristic | Low-fat diet (n = 85) | Mediterranean diet (n = 76) | Low-carbohydrate diet (n = 74) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention goal | ≤1,500 kcal/day for women and 1,800 kcal/day for men (≤30% calories from fat) | ≤1,500 kcal/day for women and 1,800 kcal/day for men (≤35% calories from fat) | No calorie restrictions (carbohydrate intake 20 g [induction] to ≤120 g [maintenance] daily) |
| Age (years) | 50.8 ± 6.4 | 52.7 ± 6.3 | 51.2 ± 6.2 |
| Male sex | 73 (85.7) | 66 (86.8) | 67 (90.5) |
| SU, μmol/L (mg/dL) | 369 ± 77 (6.2 ± 1.3) | 357 ± 89 (6.0 ± 1.5) | 357 ± 89 (6.0 ± 1.5) |
| SU ≥416 μmol/L (≥7 mg/dL) | 22 (25.9) | 17 (22.4) | 18 (24.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 3.1 | 30.1 ± 3.2 | 30.8 ± 3.5 |
| Weight (kg) | 90.7 ± 12.2 | 87.6 ± 12.1 | 91.5 ± 14.6 |
| Diabetes | 11 (12.9) | 11 (14.5) | 12 (16.2) |
| Coronary heart disease | 28 (32.9) | 36 (47.4) | 21 (28.4) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 129.8 ± 12.5 | 131.3 ± 16.3 | 129.4 ± 14.2 |
| Diastolic | 79.0 ± 8.8 | 80.0 ± 10.2 | 77.7 ± 8.1 |
| Lipid profile | |||
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.99 ± 0.25 | 1.04 ± 0.25 | 0.97 ± 0.23 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.98 ± 0.89 | 3.18 ± 0.89 | 3.13 ± 0.84 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.77 ± 0.71 | 1.89 ± 0.74 | 1.94 ± 0.95 |
| Total cholesterol:HDL-C ratio | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 5.6 ± 1.5 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96.4 ± 23.4 | 92.5 ± 18.6 | 99.4 ± 21.8 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 2.3 | 5.0 ± 1.2 |
| Fasting plasma glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L* | 3 (4.1) | 9 (13.8) | 5 (8.1) |
| Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L) | 90.4 ± 50.0 | 96.6 ± 50.7 | 100.8 ± 77.1 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 3.3 ± 3.2 |
| HOMA-IR >3.0* | 26 (35.1) | 28 (43.1) | 25 (40.3) |
| Statins | 21 (24.7) | 20 (26.3) | 11 (15.0) |
| Antihypertensive therapy** | 19 (22.4) | 27 (35.5) | 26 (35.2) |
| Diuretics | 5 (5.9) | 10 (13.2) | 3 (4.0) |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. HOMA-IR, HOMA of insulin resistance.
*
Among participants without diabetes.
**
Including diuretics.