Table 3.

HRs and 95% CIs for the association of dietary choline and betaine intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes

	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	P value
Choline quartiles
Model 1	1.00 (Reference)	1.03 (0.88, 1.20)	1.14 (0.98, 1.33)	1.20 (1.01, 1.43)	0.022
Model 2	1.00 (Reference)	0.98 (0.84, 1.16)	1.02 (0.85 1.23)	1.09 (0.84, 1.42)	0.685
Model 3	1.00 (Reference)	0.98 (0.84, 1.16)	1.02 (0.85, 1.23)	1.09 (0.84, 1.42)	0.440
Sensitivity analysis
Model 3	1.00 (Reference)	1.05 (0.83, 1.32)	1.01 (0.77, 1.31)	0.97 (0.67, 1.41)	0.260
Betaine quartiles
Model 1	1.00 (Reference)	1.03 (0.88, 1.19)	1.09 (0.94, 1.28)	0.99 (0.83, 1.18)	0.923
Model 2	1.00 (Reference)	1.02 (0.87, 1.18)	1.08 (0.93, 1.27)	1.08 (0.89, 1.30)	0.362
Model 3	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (0.86, 1.17)	1.06 (0.90, 1.25)	1.06 (0.87, 1.29)	0.510
Sensitivity analysis*
Model 3	1.00 (Reference)	0.92 (0.74, 1.15)	1.11 (0.88, 1.40)	1.15 (0.87, 1.52)	0.176

P value is P for trend computed by modeling the quartile median of each nutrient as the predictor variable. Model 1 mutually adjusted for choline and betaine and further adjusted for age, sex, race, log-BMI, education, smoking, and alcohol. Model 2 further adjusted for total calorie intake and baseline fasting blood glucose. Model 3 further adjusted for magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, methionine, animal fat, and folate intake.

^*In sensitivity analyses, we limited estimates to participants without insulin resistance at baseline.