Table 4.
HRs and 95% CIs for the association of dietary choline and betaine intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes stratified by sex
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | |||||
| Choline quartiles | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.35) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.51) | 1.28 (0.99, 1.64) | 0.044 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.45) | 1.37 (1.03, 1.83) | 0.032 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) | 1.22 (0.93, 1.59) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.25) | 0.029 |
| Betaine quartiles | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.39) | 1.34 (1.08, 1.65) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.60) | 0.065 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 1.40 (1.13, 1.74) | 1.45 (1.11, 1.90) | 0.003 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference | 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.06, 1.66) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.74) | 0.039 |
| Male | |||||
| Choline quartiles | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) | 0.196 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.12) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) | 0.219 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.57, 1.17) | 0.360 |
| Betaine quartiles | |||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.14) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) | 0.77 (0.60, 0.98) | 0.032 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.03) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) | 0.079 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) | 0.188 |
P value is P for trend computed by modeling the quartile median of each nutrient as the predictor variable. Model 1 mutually adjusted for choline and betaine and further adjusted for age, race, log-BMI, education, smoking, and alcohol. Model 2 further adjusted for total calorie intake and baseline fasting blood glucose. Model 3 further adjusted for magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, methionine, animal fat, and folate intake.