Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by levels of white rice consumption in 132,373 participants
| White rice intake (g/day) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <150 g/day (n = 71,914) | ≥150 to <300 g/day (n = 16,976) | ≥300 to <450 g/day (n = 14,010) | ≥450 g/day (n = 29,473) | |
| Median intake (g/day) | 42.8 (18.7–82.6) | 200 (171.9–233.5) | 395 (341.0–400) | 900 (609.8–991.4) |
| Age (years) | 50.3 (10.0) | 50.3 (9.7) | 50.8 (9.8) | 48.8 (9.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 5.4 | 25.9 ± 4.6 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 23.1 ± 4.3 |
| Men | 29,192 (40.3) | 6,693 (40.5) | 5,547 (39.6) | 13,470 (45.7) |
| Urban | 40,509 (56.0) | 9,993 (60.5) | 7,737 (55.2) | 10,621 (36.0) |
| Physical inactivity | 11,474 (17.4) | 2,780 (17.7) | 2,035 (15.3) | 5,182 (18.4) |
| Current smoker | 10,811 (15.0) | 1,374 (8.4) | 1,555 (11.2) | 1,431 (4.9) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.7 |
| Diet components | ||||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1,963 (1,497–2,546) | 2,048 (1,579–2,619) | 2,065 (1,586–2,658) | 2,120 (1,693–2,741) |
| %E from carbohydrate | 57.6 (50.0–66.1) | 58.2 (52.6–64.6) | 61.8 (56.0–68.2) | 71.4 (63.3–78.5) |
| %E from fat | 26.7 (19.4–32.4) | 25.9 (20.0–30.6) | 22.4 (16.9–27.7) | 15.2 (9.6–23.5) |
| %E from protein | 15.7 (13.6–17.9) | 16.2 (14.0–18.2) | 15.5 (13.2–17.5) | 12.0 (10.5–14.2) |
| Fiber intake (g/day) | 24.2 (15.6–34.5) | 21.1 (14.3–29.4) | 16.9 (10.4–24.9) | 10.8 (7.8–14.7) |
| Refined wheat products (g/day) | 146 (66–300) | 171 (88–279) | 102 (56–182) | 43 (12–107) |
| Whole wheat products (g/day) | 27 (0–125) | 15 (0–71) | 11 (0–33) | 7 (0–33) |
| Red meat (g/day) | 42.8 (14.4–87.8) | 51.4 (16.4–108.7) | 48.0 (16.4–107.7) | 15 (2.0–52.4) |
| White meat (g/day) | 39.0 (12.1–74.8) | 39.9 (13.9–82.7) | 44.4 (18.8–79.8) | 26.2 (6.9–67.2) |
| Processed meat (g/day) | 2.8 (0–12.1) | 0 (0–6) | 1.9 (0–9.6) | 0 (0–3.3) |
| Fish (g/day) | 11.4 (0–26) | 12.8 (2.8–36.7) | 11.3 (0–28.7) | 8.6 (0–39.7) |
| Dairy products (g/day) | 145.3 (29.5–290.0) | 137.1 (13.1–289.9) | 97.8 (4–252.9) | 15.7 (0–118.6) |
Data are median (IQR), mean ± SD, or n (%). E, energy.