Table 3.
Specific medication therapy and psychotherapy before and after initial aADHD diagnosis.
| t − 4 | t − 3 | t − 2 | t − 1 | t + 1 | t + 2 | t + 3 | t + 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of individuals observable before and after index (yearly cohorts) | ||||||||
| ADHD total (N) | 535 | 1,032 | 1,648 | 2,380 | 2,380 | 1,845 | 1,348 | 732 |
| Initial ADHD medication (N) | 165 | 310 | 463 | 624 | 624 | 459 | 314 | 161 |
| No initial ADHD medication (N) | 370 | 722 | 1,185 | 1,756 | 1,756 | 1,386 | 1,034 | 571 |
| Individuals with at least one ADHD-specific prescription a | ||||||||
| ADHD total | – | – | – | – | 759 (32%) | 358 (19%) | 198 (15%) | 98 (13%) |
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.52; 95% CI [0.45–0.60] | |||||||
| Initial ADHD medication | – | – | – | – | 624 (100%) | 293 (64%) | 145 (46%) | 66 (41%) |
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.003 95% CI [0.00–0.02] | |||||||
| Individuals with at least one antidepressants prescription a | ||||||||
| ADHD total | 121 (23%) | 234 (23%) | 390 (24%) | 656 (28%) | 852 (36%) | 511 (28%) | 341 (25%) | 183 (25%) |
| Increase pre-index | p < 0.001; OR 1.80; 95% CI [1.56–2.08] | |||||||
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.68; 95% CI [0.60–0.78] | |||||||
| Initial ADHD medication | 47 (28%) | 87 (28%) | 146 (32%) | 235 (38%) | 268 (43%) | 152 (33%) | 97 (31%) | 54 (34%) |
| Increase pre-index | p < 0.001; OR 1.64; 95% CI [1.27–2.14] | |||||||
| Decrease post-index | p = 0.001; OR 0.65; 95% CI [0.50–0.85] | |||||||
| No initial ADHD medication | 74 (20%) | 147 (20%) | 244 (21%) | 421 (24%) | 584 (33%) | 359 (26%) | 244 (24%) | 129 (23%) |
| Increase pre-index | p < 0.001; OR 1.93; 95% CI [1.62–2.30] | |||||||
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.70; 95% CI [0.60–0.82] | |||||||
| No initial vs. initial ADHD medication | p < 0.001; OR 0.66; 95% CI [0.54–0.80] | |||||||
| Individuals with at least one psychotherapy session a | ||||||||
| ADHD total | 187 (35%) | 378 (37%) | 627 (38%) | 1,088 (46%) | 1,483 (62%) | 794 (43%) | 509 (38%) | 257 (35%) |
| Increase pre-index | p < 0.001; OR 2.70; 95% CI [2.36–3.07] | |||||||
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.46; 95% CI [0.40–0.52] | |||||||
| Initial ADHD medication | 63 (38%) | 133 (43%) | 203 (44%) | 350 (56%) | 466 (75%) | 245 (53%) | 140 (45%) | 69 (43%) |
| Increase pre-index | p < 0.001; OR 3.77; 95% CI [2.90–4.93] | |||||||
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.39; 95% CI [0.30–0.51] | |||||||
| No initial ADHD medication | 124 (34%) | 245 (34%) | 424 (36%) | 738 (42%) | 1,017 (58%) | 549 (40%) | 369 (36%) | 188 (33%) |
| Increase pre-index | p < 0.001; OR 2.47; 95% CI [2.12–2.88] | |||||||
| Decrease post-index | p < 0.001; OR 0.48; 95% CI [0.41–0.55] | |||||||
| No initial vs. initial ADHD medication | p < 0.001; OR 0.47; 95% CI [0.38–0.57] | |||||||
| Individuals with at least one visit at the Psych MD (no significance tested) | ||||||||
| ADHD total | 119 (22%) | 238 (23%) | 384 (23%) | 731 (31%) | 1,326 (56%) | 667 (37%) | 453 (34%) | 221 (30%) |
| Initial ADHD medication | 51 (31%) | 90 (29%) | 149 (32%) | 255 (41%) | 510 (82%) | 271 (59%) | 154 (49%) | 72 (45%) |
| No initial ADHD medication | 68 (18%) | 148 (20%) | 235 (20%) | 476 (27%) | 816 (46%) | 406 (29%) | 299 (29%) | 149 (26%) |
| Individuals with at least one visit at the Psych (no significance tested) | ||||||||
| ADHD total | 49 (9%) | 88 (9%) | 176 (11%) | 308 (13%) | 467 (20%) | 277 (15%) | 166 (12%) | 68 (9%) |
| Initial ADHD medication | 23 (14%) | 42 (14%) | 70 (15%) | 108 (17%) | 161 (26%) | 100 (22%) | 54 (17%) | 22 (14%) |
| No initial ADHD medication | 26 (7%) | 46 (6%) | 106 (9%) | 200 (11%) | 306 (17%) | 177 (13%) | 112 (11%) | 46 (8%) |
Different sample sizes during observation due to yearly cohorts—see “Methods.”
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CI, confidence intervals; OR, odds ratio.
a
Significance tested based on Chi-square test; for time-wise comparison: increase t − 2 to t + 1 and decrease t + 1 to t + 2; for group comparison: initial ADHD-medication to no initial ADHD-medication compared at t + 1.