Table 4.
Direct healthcare costs [€], sickness benefits [€], and sick leave days [days] before and after initial aADHD diagnosis—comparison of cohorts with initial and without initial ADHD medication.
| t − 4 | t − 3 | t − 2 | t − 1 | t + 1 | t + 2 | t + 3 | t + 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial ADHD medication (mean ± SD) | ||||||||
| Total healthcare costs a | 2,647 ± 5,234 | 2,803 ± 4,494 | 2,775 ± 4,475 | 3,951 ± 6,099 | 5,442 ± 6,195 | 3,818 ± 4,375 | 3,514 ± 4,750 | 4,144 ± 6,137 |
| Inpatient care | 1,233 ± 4,624 | 1,481 ± 4,687 | 1,072 ± 3,457 | 1,493 ± 4,415 | 1,884 ± 4,777 | 1,231 ± 4,229 | 1,414 ± 4,890 | 1,940 ± 5,833 |
| Outpatient care | 732 ± 823 | 886 ± 881 | 897 ± 882 | 1,182 ± 1,161 | 1,932 ± 1,662 | 1,565 ± 1,449 | 1,221 ± 1,148 | 1,054 ± 1,011 |
| Psychotherapy a | 1,350 ± 3,649 | 1,791 ± 5,276 | 1,167 ± 3,034 | 2,172 ± 5,189 | 4,580 ± 9,750 | 3,927 ± 9,503 | 2,509 ± 7,392 | 1,727 ± 5,229 |
| Aids and remedies | 87 ± 216 | 117 ± 265 | 114 ± 273 | 135 ± 329 | 198 ± 485 | 195 ± 497 | 177 ± 449 | 171 ± 392 |
| Medication | 222 ± 395 | 225 ± 381 | 272 ± 460 | 300 ± 515 | 827 ± 771 | 658 ± 745 | 564 ± 732 | 541 ± 744 |
| Sickness benefit | 388 ± 2,524 | 336 ± 2,628 | 406 ± 2,737 | 878 ± 4,222 | 483 ± 2,456 | 225 ± 1,600 | 553 ± 3,875 | 515 ± 3,606 |
| Sick leave days (days) | 21 ± 99 | 18 ± 58 | 23 ± 85 | 39 ± 114 | 21 ± 71 | 18 ± 55 | 19 ± 71 | 21 ± 76 |
| No initial ADHD medication (mean ± SD) | ||||||||
| Total healthcare costs a | 1,599 ± 2,508 | 1,550 ± 2,294 | 1,941 ± 3,152 | 2,142 ± 3,510 | 3,485 ± 5,001 | 2,323 ± 3,473 | 2,108 ± 3,098 | 1,785 ± 2,732 |
| Inpatient care | 890 ± 3,111 | 706 ± 2,561 | 916 ± 3,005 | 884 ± 3,073 | 1,700 ± 4,472 | 957 ± 3,053 | 863 ± 2,547 | 746 ± 2,856 |
| Outpatient care | 550 ± 591 | 584 ± 608 | 637 ± 672 | 735 ± 795 | 1,072 ± 990 | 839 ± 917 | 769 ± 821 | 673 ± 758 |
| Psychotherapy a | 597 ± 2,129 | 512 ± 1,742 | 942 ± 3,347 | 1,400 ± 4,425 | 2,234 ± 5,658 | 1,727 ± 5,807 | 1,587 ± 5,707 | 1,266 ± 4,847 |
| Aids and remedies | 83 ± 219 | 94 ± 247 | 95 ± 231 | 96 ± 257 | 122 ± 287 | 110 ± 259 | 111 ± 271 | 128 ± 380 |
| Medication | 192 ± 420 | 178 ± 381 | 165 ± 331 | 169 ± 315 | 233 ± 382 | 220 ± 399 | 211 ± 376 | 195 ± 360 |
| Sickness benefit | 163 ± 1,306 | 119 ± 1,084 | 246 ± 1,604 | 370 ± 2,316 | 475 ± 2,505 | 251 ± 1,776 | 210 ± 2,041 | 220 ± 2,004 |
| Sick leave days (days) | 13 ± 43 | 13 ± 48 | 17 ± 59 | 20 ± 66 | 20 ± 64 | 15 ± 49 | 13 ± 44 | 15 ± 55 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SD, standard deviation.
a
Outcomes tested were: total healthcare costs and costs for psychotherapy. Significance tested based on Wilcoxon test; increase t − 2 to t + 1 and decrease t + 1 to t + 2; for group comparison: “initial ADHD-medication” to no “initial ADHD-medication” compared at t + 1; all tests were significant at a level of p < 0.001.