Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, and cognition at 12-months follow-up for UHR remission and non-remission groups
| Variable | Remission (N = 25) | Non-remission (N = 56) | Statistics | P-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (N) | |||||
| Female/Male | 16/9 | 26/30 | χ2 = 2.14 | 0.16 | |
| Age at baseline, years ±SD | 25.2 ±2.7 | 24.5 ±5.0 | U = 548, Z = -1.56 |
0.12 | |
| Parental SES (%) | |||||
| (High/moderate/low/missing) | 56.0/36.0/0.0/8.0 | 46.4/32.1/16.1/5.4 | χ2 = 4.45 | 0.12 | |
| Education, years at baseline ±SD | 15.6 ±1.9 | 14.3 ±3.2 | U = 428, Z = -2.80 |
0.01* | |
| Cannabis smoking last year (N) | |||||
| Yes/No/Missing | 7/18/0 | 12/37/7 | χ2 = 0.11 | 0.78 | |
| Antipsychotic treatment (N) | |||||
| Antipsychotic naïve at baseline (no/yes/missing) | 14/11/0 | 26/29/1 | χ2 = 0.52 | 0.63 | |
| Current antipsychotic (yes/no/missing) | 11/13/1 | 26/21/9 | χ2 = 0.57 | 0.47 | |
| CAARMS subgroups at baseline (%) | |||||
| Vulnerability APS |
12.0 100.0 |
25.0 100.0 |
χ2 = 1.76 - |
0.24 | |
| BLIPS | 0.0 | 2.0 | U = 675, Z = -0.95 |
0.57 | |
| Baseline | 12-month follow-up | ||||
| CAARMS composite score ¤# ±SD | (N = 122) 50.4 ±14.3 |
(N = 25) 13.6 ±9.1 |
(N = 49) 37.8 ±12.7 |
U = 72, Z = -6.19 |
< 0.001** |
|
SANS
# Affect Alogia Avolition Anhedonia |
(N = 117) 1.4 ±1.0 1.2 ±1.0 1.7 ±0.9 1.7 ±1.2 |
(N = 24) 1.4 ±1.1 0.9 ±1.0 1.2 ±1.0 1.0 ±1.0 |
(N = 49) 1.4 ±1.1 1.0 ±1.1 1.6 ±1.0 1.5 ±1.8 |
χ2 = 1.15 χ2 = 1.00 χ2 = 8.32 χ2 = 5.61 |
0.95 0.84 0.04* 0.36 |
| BPRS total # | (N = 117) 42.3 ±0.7 |
(N = 24) 31.2 ±4.5 |
(N = 49) 42.0 ±6.5 |
T = 7.15 |
< 0.001** |
| SOFAS ±SD | (N = 121) 55.4 ±11.0 |
(N = 25) 64.6 ±10.8 |
(N = 49) 58.2 ±10.0 |
U = 401, Z = -2.43 |
0.01* |
| CGI Global improvement # ±SD | (N = 21) 2.52 ±0.24 |
(N = 38) 3.18 ±0.20 |
U = 256, Z = -2.35 |
0.02* | |
|
CANTAB ±SD RVP A’ SWM Strategy# SWM Between errors# IED Total errors (adjusted)# |
(N = 117) 0.9 ±0.1 27.1 ±6.3 10.5 ±10.0 19.7 ±17.1 |
(N = 24) 0.9 ±0.1 26.2 ±6.7 9.3 ±15.4 13.1 ±14.8 |
(N = 46) 0.9 ±0.0 23.8 ±6.0 5.2 ±8.2 13.0 ±12.3 |
U = 537, Z = -0.04 U = 467, Z = -1.06 U = 467, Z = -1.08 U = 495, Z = -0.57 |
0.97 0.29 0.28 0.57 |
Abbreviations: UHR, Ultra-high risk; SD, Standard deviation; SES, Socio-economic status; CAARMS, The comprehensive assessment of at risk mental states; APS, Attenuated psychotic symptoms; BLIPS, Brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms; SANS, The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms; BPRS, The brief psychiatric rating scale; SOFAS, Social and occupational function assessment scale; CGI, Clinical global impression scale; CANTAB, Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery; RVP, Rapid visual information processing; SWM, Spatial working memory; IED, Intra-extra dimensional set shift
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; #a lower score is better.
CAARMS composite score was calculated according to the formula: (I utc * F utc) + (I nbi *F nbi) + (I pa * F pa) + (I ds * F ds). I, intensity; utc, unusual thought content; F, frequency; nbi, non-bizarre ideas; pa, perceptual abnormalities; ds, disorganized speech