Table 3.
Changes in psychological states between responder and nonresponder subgroups according to virtual reality treatment.a
| Measures | Responders (n=14), mean (SD) | Nonresponders (n=18), mean (SD) | Main effect of session | Session-by-group interaction | |||||
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F (df) | P value | F (df) | P value | |||
| BAIb |
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6.021 (2.446) | .002 | 4.684 (2.446) | .008 | |||
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Baseline | 12.93 (10.28) | 16.68 (10.60) |
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Session 2 | 8.71 (7.79) | 14.50 (9.84) |
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Session 4 | 6.57 (6.05) | 17.89 (12.04) |
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Session 6 | 3.21 (4.04) | 15.17 (9.41) |
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| STAI-Sc |
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1.178 (2.737) | .32 | 1.087 (2.737) | .36 | |||
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Baseline | 45.64 (8.39) | 51.11 (10.32) |
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Session 2 | 44.79 (8.53) | 50.94 (10.70) |
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Session 4 | 43.14 (6.21) | 54.33 (13.18) |
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Session 6 | 41.93 (6.22) | 49.61 (11.14) |
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| STAI-Td |
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4.875 (2.515) | .006 | 1.675 (2.515) | .19 | |||
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Baseline | 47.00 (10.06) | 56.39 (9.10) |
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Session 2 | 46.00 (10.68) | 52.89 (10.58) |
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Session 4 | 57.06 (9.04) | 57.06 (9.50) |
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Session 6 | 40.57 (8.93) | 53.00 (10.56) |
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| SPSe |
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8.849 (2.407) | <.001 | 0.983 (2.407) | .39 | |||
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Baseline | 26.00 (15.65) |
34.22 (11.11) |
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Session 2 | 23.14 (15.75) | 30.28 (11.16) |
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Session 4 | 18.64 (13.18) | 30.33 (12.18) |
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Session 6 | 16.71 (12.39) | 27.89 (11.58) |
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| SIASf |
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13.819 (2.659) | <.001 | 1.418 (2.659) | .25 | |||
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Baseline | 37.21 (12.21) | 47.17 (11.21) |
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Session 2 | 36.43 (11.79) | 44.67 (10.91) |
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Session 4 | 29.86 (11.55) | 43.33 (9.56) |
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Session 6 | 29.21 (10.37) | 40.33 (12.67) |
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| BFNEg |
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5.976 (2.052) | .004 | 0.672 (2.052) | .52 | |||
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Baseline | 41.93 (9.56) | 44.94 (8.56) |
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Session 2 | 39.36 (9.96) | 39.28 (12.04) |
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Session 4 | 36.64 (7.89) | 40.39 (7.39) |
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Session 6 | 35.64 (6.71) | 39.11 (7.55) |
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| KSADh |
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12.854 (2.359) | <.001 | 0.168 (2.359) | .88 | |||
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Baseline | 102.36 (13.68) | 111.22 (14.46) |
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Session 2 | 97.93 (8.57) | 109.00 (16.09) |
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Session 4 | 94.29 (12.30) | 103.83 (12.95) |
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Session 6 | 91.71 (5.89) | 102.33 (14.44) |
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| LSASi |
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3.024 (2.471) | .04 | 0.727 (2.471) | .51 | |||
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Baseline | 33.50 (12.73) | 42.67 (11.51) |
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Session 2 | 36.29 (15.51) | 43.11 (10.42) |
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Session 4 | 31.07 (11.10) | 42.72 (10.38) |
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Session 6 | 29.29 (9.43) | 39.94 (11.02) |
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| ISSj Overall |
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6.835 (2.345) | .001 | 0.309 (2.345) | .77 | |||
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Baseline | 45.79 (18.97) | 53.44 (15.60) |
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Session 2 | 40.86 (18.22) | 46.28 (16.87) |
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Session 4 | 39.07 (18.12) | 46.28 (18.38) |
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Session 6 | 33.00 (15.49) | 43.28 (16.89) |
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| ISS Inadequacy |
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2.574 (2.698) | .07 | 0.343 (2.698) | .77 | |||
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Baseline | 14.36 (8.42) | 17.89 (7.50) |
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Session 2 | 13.57 (8.65) | 15.67 (8.29) |
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Session 4 | 12.86 (8.03) | 16.17 (8.30) |
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Session 6 | 11.07 (6.96) | 15.28 (8.12) |
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| ISS Emptiness |
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5.090 (2.761) | .004 | 0.350 (2.761) | .77 | |||
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Baseline | 9.86 (5.11) | 11.67 (4.55) |
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Session 2 | 8.14 (4.96) | 9.33 (6.01) |
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Session 4 | 8.07 (5.03) | 9.39 (5.09) |
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Session 6 | 6.14 (3.44) | 8.89 (4.89) |
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| ISS - Self-punishment |
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5.486 (2.198) | .005 | 0.143 (2.198) | .88 | |||
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Baseline | 9.43 (5.12) | 10.61 (5.16) |
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Session 2 | 8.21 (4.71) | 9.89 (4.65) |
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Session 4 | 7.29 (4.43) | 9.28 (4.96) |
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Session 6 | 6.43 (4.43) | 8.33 (4.17) |
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| ISS Fear of mistake |
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10.598 (2.645) | <.001 | 0.417 (2.645) | .72 | |||
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Baseline | 12.14 (2.45) | 13.28 (1.99) |
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Session 2 | 10.93 (2.76) | 11.39 (2.17) |
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Session 4 | 10.86 (2.93) | 11.56 (3.45) |
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Session 6 | 9.36 (3.32) | 10.78 (2.76) |
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| PERSk Negative rumination |
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6.931 (2.720) | .001 | 0.354 (2.720) |
.77 | |||
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Baseline | 28.14 (10.31) | 33.89 (10.93) |
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Session 2 | 24.71 (12.64) | 28.83 (9.45) |
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Session 4 | 22.29 (12.00) | 28.56 (9.14) |
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Session 6 | 19.00 (8.69) | 26.83 (11.77) |
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| PERS Positive rumination |
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0.855 (2.822) | .46 | 0.375 (2.822) | .76 | |||
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Baseline | 15.29 (5.01) | 14.89 (7.27) |
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Session 2 | 14.43 (5.69) | 12.11 (5.90) |
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Session 4 | 15.64 (6.46) | 13.56 (6.97) |
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Session 6 | 15.21 (6.80) | 12.28 (6.76) |
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aTreatment responder and nonresponder subgroups were divided according to the reduction of the BAI scale value by 50% or more compared to the baseline value.
bBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.
cSTAI-S: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–State.
dSTAI-T: Sate-Trait Anxiety Inventory–Trait.
eSPS: Social Phobia Scale.
fSIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.
gBFNE: Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale.
hKSAD: Korean Social Avoidance and Distress Scale.
iLSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.
jISS: Internalized Shame Scale.
kPERS: Post-Event Rumination Scale.